oops it is 1.3.0 not 1.4.0 yet

[rrdtool-all.git] / website / tutorial / rrdtutorial.ps

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E(x')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(efore you continue here.)-2.5 E F1 10.826
-7.218(YY o)108 393.6 T(ou)2.22 E(ur)-5.558 E 2.5<728c>-4.438 G<8c72>
-8.058 E(rs)-4.438 E(st)-3.888 E 2.5(tR)-3.328 G(Ro)-9.718 E(ou)-4.998 E
(un)-5.558 E(nd)-5.558 E 2.5(dR)-5.558 G(Ro)-9.718 E(ob)-4.998 E(bi)
-5.558 E(in)-2.778 E 2.5(nD)-5.558 G(Da)-9.718 E(at)-4.998 E(ta)-3.328 E
(ab)-4.998 E(ba)-5.558 E(as)-4.998 E(se)-3.888 E(e)-4.438 E F0 .102
(In my opinion the best w)108 410.4 R .102
(ay to learn something is to actually do it.)-.1 F(Wh)5.101 E 2.601(yn)
-.05 G .101(ot start right no)-2.601 F 2.601(w? W)-.25 F 2.601(ew)-.8 G
.101(ill create)-2.601 F 2.944(ad)108 422.4 S .444(atabase, put some v)
-2.944 F .444(alues in it and e)-.25 F .444(xtract this data ag)-.15 F
2.944(ain. Y)-.05 F .444(our output should be the same as the output)
-1.1 F(that is included in this document.)108 434.4 Q 2.605 -.8(We w)108
451.2 T 1.005(ill start with some easy stuf).8 F 3.505(fa)-.25 G 1.005
(nd compare a car with a router)-3.505 F 3.505(,o)-.4 G 3.504(rc)-3.505
G 1.004(ompare kilometers \(miles if you)-3.504 F
(wish\) with bits and bytes. It')108 463.2 Q 2.5(sa)-.55 G
(ll the same: some number o)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rs).15 G
(ome time.)-2.5 E 1.002(Assume we ha)108 480 R 1.302 -.15(ve a d)-.2 H
-.25(ev).15 G 1.003(ice that transfers bytes to and from the Internet.)
.25 F 1.003(This de)6.003 F 1.003(vice k)-.25 F 1.003
(eeps a counter that)-.1 F .982
(starts at zero when it is turned on, increasing with e)108 492 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G .982(ry byte that is transfered. This counter will ha).15 F
1.282 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.066(maximum v)108 504 R 1.066(alue, if that v)
-.25 F 1.066(alue is reached and an e)-.25 F 1.066
(xtra byte is counted, the counter starts all o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.567(ra).15 G 3.567(tz)-3.567 G(ero.)-3.567 E 1.276
(This is the same as man)108 516 R 3.776(yc)-.15 G 1.276
(ounters in the w)-3.776 F 1.276
(orld such as the mileage counter in a car)-.1 F 6.275(.M)-.55 G 1.275
(ost discussions)-6.275 F .471(about netw)108 528 R .471
(orking talk about bits per second so lets get used to that right a)-.1
F -.1(wa)-.15 G 1.771 -.65(y. A).1 H .471(ssume a byte is eight bits).65
F .049(and start to think in bits not bytes. The counter)108 540 R 2.548
(,h)-.4 G -.25(ow)-2.548 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H .848 -.4(r, s).25 H
.048(till counts bytes !).4 F .048(In the)5.048 F F2(SNMP)2.548 E F0 -.1
(wo)2.548 G .048(rld most of the).1 F .566
(counters are 32 bits. That means the)108 552 R 3.066(ya)-.15 G .566
(re counting from 0 to 4294967295. W)-3.066 F 3.067(ew)-.8 G .567
(ill use these v)-3.067 F .567(alues in the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 564 S
3.71(amples. The).15 F(de)3.71 E 1.21(vice, when ask)-.25 F 1.21
(ed, returns the current v)-.1 F 1.209(alue of the counter)-.25 F 3.709
(.W)-.55 G 3.709(ek)-4.509 G(no)-3.709 E 3.709(wt)-.25 G 1.209
(he time that has)-3.709 F .861(passes since we last ask)108 576 R .861
(ed so we no)-.1 F 3.361(wk)-.25 G(no)-3.361 E 3.361(wh)-.25 G 1.361
-.25(ow m)-3.361 H(an).25 E 3.361(yb)-.15 G .861(ytes ha)-3.361 F 1.161
-.15(ve b)-.2 H .861(een transfered).15 F/F3 10/Symbol SF(***)3.362 E F0
.862(on a)B -.15(ve)-.2 G(rage).15 E F3(***)A F0(per)3.362 E
(second. This is not v)108 588 Q(ery hard to calculate. First in w)-.15
E(ords, then in calculations:)-.1 E 5(1. T)108 604.8 R(ak)-.8 E 2.5(et)
-.1 G(he current counter)-2.5 E 2.5(,s)-.4 G(ubtract the pre)-2.5 E
(vious v)-.25 E(alue from it.)-.25 E 5(2. Do)108 621.6 R
(the same with the current time and the pre)2.5 E(vious time.)-.25 E 5
(3. Di)108 638.4 R .311(vide the outcome of \(1\) by the outcome of \(2\
\), the result is the amount of bytes per second. Multiply)-.25 F
(by eight to get the number of bits per second \(bps\).)123 650.4 Q/F4
10/Courier@0 SF
(bps = \(counter_now - counter_before\) / \(time_now - time_before\))120
667.2 Q F3(*)6 E F4(8)6 E F0 -.15(Fo)108 691.2 S 2.915(rs).15 G .415
(ome people it may help to translate this to a automobile e)-2.915 F
.416(xample: Do not try this e)-.15 F .416(xample, and if you)-.15 F
(do, don')108 703.2 Q 2.5(tb)-.18 G(lame me for the results.)-2.5 E
154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(2)192.34 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F .456(People\
 who are not used to think in kilometers per hour can translate most in\
to miles per hour by di)108 96 R(viding)-.25 E
(km by 1.6 \(close enough\).)108 108 Q 2.5(Iw)5 G(ill use the follo)-2.5
E(wing abbre)-.25 E(viations:)-.25 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 18(M: meter)114
124.8 R 12(KM: kilometer)114 136.8 R(\(= 1000 meters\).)6 E 18(H: hour)
114 148.8 R 18(S: second)114 160.8 R(KM/H: kilometers per hour)114 172.8
Q 6(M/S: meters)114 184.8 R(per second)6 E F0 -1.1(Yo)108 208.8 S(u')1.1
E .28(re dri)-.5 F .28(ving a car)-.25 F 2.78(.A)-.55 G 2.78(t1)-2.78 G
.281(2:05 you read the counter in the dashboard and it tells you that t\
he car has mo)-2.78 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d).15 E(12345)108 220.8 Q/F2 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(KM)3.019 E F0 .519(until that moment.)3.019 F .519
(At 12:10 you look ag)5.519 F .518(ain, it reads 12357)-.05 F F2(KM)
3.018 E F0 3.018(.T)C .518(his means you ha)-3.018 F .818 -.15(ve t)-.2
H(ra).15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(led).15 E(12)108 232.8 Q F2(KM)3.061 E F0 .561
(in \214v)3.061 F 3.061(em)-.15 G .561(inutes. A scientist w)-3.061 F
.562(ould translate that into meters per second and this mak)-.1 F .562
(es a nice com-)-.1 F(parison to)108 244.8 Q -.1(wa)-.25 G
(rds the problem of \(bytes per \214v).1 E 2.5(em)-.15 G(inutes\) v)-2.5
E(ersus \(bits per second\).)-.15 E 1.63 -.8(We t)108 261.6 T(ra).8 E
-.15(ve)-.2 G .03(led 12 kilometers which is 12000 meters. W).15 F 2.53
(ed)-.8 G .03(id that in \214v)-2.53 F 2.53(em)-.15 G .03
(inutes which translates into 300 sec-)-2.53 F
(onds. Our speed is 12000M / 300S equals 40 M/S.)108 273.6 Q 1.867 -.8
(We c)108 290.4 T .267(ould also calculate the speed in).8 F F2(KM/H)
2.767 E F0 2.767(:1)C 2.767(2t)-2.767 G .267(imes \214v)-2.767 F 2.767
(em)-.15 G .267(inutes is an hour so we ha)-2.767 F .568 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
2.768(om).15 G .268(ultiply 12)-2.768 F F2(KM)2.768 E F0 .162
(by 12 to get 144)108 302.4 R F2(KM/H)2.662 E F0 5.162(.F)C .162
(or our nati)-5.312 F .461 -.15(ve E)-.25 H .161
(nglish speaking friends: that').15 F 2.661(s9)-.55 G(0)-2.661 E F2(MPH)
2.661 E F0 .161(so don')2.661 F 2.661(tt)-.18 G .161(ry this e)-2.661 F
.161(xample at)-.15 F(home or where I li)108 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve :)-.25 H
(\)).15 E .208(Remember: these numbers are a)108 331.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
.209(rages only).15 F 5.209(.T)-.65 G .209(here is no w)-5.209 F .209
(ay to \214gure out from the numbers, if you dro)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
(at a constant speed.)108 343.2 Q(There is an e)5 E
(xample later on in this tutorial that e)-.15 E(xplains this.)-.15 E
2.538(Ih)108 360 S .038(ope you understand that there is no dif)-2.538 F
.038(ference in calculating M/S or bps; only the w)-.25 F .038
(ay we collect the data)-.1 F(is dif)108 372 Q(ferent. Ev)-.25 E
(en the K from kilo is the same as in netw)-.15 E
(orking terms k also means 1000.)-.1 E 2.228 -.8(We w)108 388.8 T .628
(ill no).8 F 3.128(wc)-.25 G .628(reate a database where we can k)-3.128
F .629(eep all these interesting numbers. The method used to start)-.1 F
.853(the program may dif)108 400.8 R .853(fer slightly from)-.25 F F2
(OS)3.352 E F0(to)3.352 E F2(OS)3.352 E F0 -.2(bu)3.352 G 3.352(tIa).2 G
.852(ssume you can \214gure it out if it w)-3.352 F .852(orks dif)-.1 F
.852(ferent on)-.25 F(your)108 412.8 Q F2(OS)2.989 E F0 2.989(.M)C(ak)
-2.989 E 2.989(es)-.1 G .489(ure you do not o)-2.989 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
.489(rwrite an).15 F 2.989<798c>-.15 G .489(le on your system when e)
-2.989 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .49(cuting the follo).15 F .49(wing command)-.25
F(and type the whole line as one long line \(I had to split it for read\
ability\) and skip all of the `\\' characters.)108 424.8 Q F1
(rrdtool create test.rrd)126 441.6 Q(\\)78 E(--start 920804400)180 453.6
Q(\\)60 E 12(DS:speed:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)180 465.6 R 36
(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:24 \\)180 477.6 R(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:6:10)180 489.6 Q F0
(\(So enter:)108 513.6 Q F1
(rrdtool create test.rrd --start 920804400 DS ...)2.5 E F0(\))A/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF -9.998(WW)108 536.4 S -5.558(hh)9.998 G -4.998(aa)5.558
G 6.656 -3.328(tt h)4.998 H(ha)-2.23 E(as)-4.998 E 2.5(sb)-3.888 G(be)
-8.058 E(ee)-4.438 E(en)-4.438 E 2.5(nc)-5.558 G(cr)-6.938 E -.18(re)
-4.438 G(ea)-4.258 E(at)-4.998 E(te)-3.328 E(ed)-4.438 E 2.5(d?)-5.558 G
(?)-7.498 E F0 3.135 -.8(We c)108 553.2 T 1.534(reated the round robin \
database called test \(test.rrd\) which starts at noon the day I starte\
d \(7th of).8 F .933
(march, 1999\) writing this document. It holds one data source \()108
565.2 R F2(DS)A F0 3.433(\)n)C .933(amed `)-3.433 F(`speed')-.74 E 3.433
('t)-.74 G .933(hat gets b)-3.433 F .933(uilt from a)-.2 F(counter)108
577.2 Q 3.623(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his counter is read e)-3.623 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 1.123(ry \214v).15 F 3.623(em)-.15 G 1.123(inutes \(def)-3.623 F
1.122(ault\) In the same database tw)-.1 F 3.622(or)-.1 G 1.122
(ound robin archi)-3.622 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E .83(\(RRAs\) are k)108
589.2 R .83(ept, one a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .83(rages the data e).15 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G .831(ry time it is read \(e).15 F 3.331(gt)-.15 G(here')
-3.331 E 3.331(sn)-.55 G .831(othing to a)-3.331 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .831
(rage\) and k).15 F .831(eeps 24)-.1 F .784
(samples \(24 times 5 minutes is 2 hours\). The other a)108 601.2 R -.15
(ve)-.2 G .784(rages 6 v).15 F .783
(alues \(half hour\) and contains 10 of such)-.25 F -2.25 -.2(av e)108
613.2 T(rages \(e).2 E 2.5(g5h)-.15 G
(ours\) The remaining options will be discussed later on.)-2.5 E .489
(RRDtool w)108 630 R .49(orks with special time stamps coming from the)
-.1 F F2(UNIX)2.99 E F0 -.1(wo)2.99 G 2.99(rld. This).1 F .49
(time stamp is the number of)2.99 F .779
(seconds that passed since January 1st 1970)108 642 R F2(UTC)3.279 E F0
5.779(.T)C .779
(his time stamp is translated into local time and it will)-5.779 F
(therefore look dif)108 654 Q(ferent for the dif)-.25 E
(ferent time zones.)-.25 E .249
(Chances are that you are not in the same part of the w)108 670.8 R .25
(orld as I am.)-.1 F .25(This means your time zone is dif)5.25 F
(ferent.)-.25 E .105(In all e)108 682.8 R .104(xamples where I talk abo\
ut time, the hours may be wrong for you. This has little ef)-.15 F .104
(fect on the results)-.25 F 1.082(of the e)108 694.8 R 1.082
(xamples, just correct the hours while reading.)-.15 F 1.082(As an e)
6.082 F 1.083(xample: where I will see `)-.15 F(`12:05')-.74 E 3.583('t)
-.74 G(he)-3.583 E F2(UK)3.583 E F0(folks will see `)108 706.8 Q
(`11:05')-.74 E('.)-.74 E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)
2.5 E(3)192.34 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F 1.6 -.8
(We n)108 96 T .5 -.25(ow h).8 H -2.25 -.2(av e).25 H
(to \214ll our database with some numbers. W)2.7 E(e')-.8 E
(ll pretend to ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve r)-.2 H(ead the follo).15 E
(wing numbers:)-.25 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6(12:05 12345)114 112.8 R(KM)6
E 6(12:10 12357)114 124.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:15 12363)114 136.8 R(KM)6 E 6
(12:20 12363)114 148.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:25 12363)114 160.8 R(KM)6 E 6
(12:30 12373)114 172.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:35 12383)114 184.8 R(KM)6 E 6
(12:40 12393)114 196.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:45 12399)114 208.8 R(KM)6 E 6
(12:50 12405)114 220.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:55 12411)114 232.8 R(KM)6 E 6
(13:00 12415)114 244.8 R(KM)6 E 6(13:05 12420)114 256.8 R(KM)6 E 6
(13:10 12422)114 268.8 R(KM)6 E 6(13:15 12423)114 280.8 R(KM)6 E F0 1.6
-.8(We \214)108 304.8 T(ll the database as follo).8 E(ws:)-.25 E F1(rrd\
tool update test.rrd 920804700:12345 920805000:12357 920805300:12363)114
321.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd 920805600:12363 920805900:12363 9208062\
00:12373)114 333.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd 920806500:12383 920806800:\
12393 920807100:12399)114 345.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd 920807400:124\
05 920807700:12411 920808000:12415)114 357.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd \
920808300:12420 920808600:12422 920808900:12423)114 369.6 Q F0
(This reads: update our test database with the follo)108 393.6 Q
(wing numbers)-.25 E F1(time 920804700, value 12345)114 410.4 Q
(time 920805000, value 12357)114 422.4 Q F0(etcetera.)108 446.4 Q .433
(As you can see, it is possible to feed more than one v)108 463.2 R .433
(alue into the database in one command. I had to stop)-.25 F
(at three for readability b)108 475.2 Q(ut the real maximum is)-.2 E/F2
9/Times-Roman@0 SF(OS)2.5 E F0(dependent.)2.5 E 1.6 -.8(We c)108 492 T
(an no).8 E 2.5(wr)-.25 G(etrie)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H
(he data from our database using `).15 E(`rrdtool fetch":)-.74 E F1
(rrdtool fetch test.rrd AVERAGE --start 920804400 --end 920809200)114
508.8 Q F0(It should return the follo)108 532.8 Q(wing output:)-.25 E F1
(speed)204 549.6 Q F0 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E
(4)192.34 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F/F1 10
/Courier@0 SF 36(920804700: NaN)114 96 R 30(920805000: 0.04)114 108 R 30
(920805300: 0.02)114 120 R 30(920805600: 0.00)114 132 R 30
(920805900: 0.00)114 144 R 30(920806200: 0.03)114 156 R 30
(920806500: 0.03)114 168 R 30(920806800: 0.03)114 180 R 30
(920807100: 0.02)114 192 R 30(920807400: 0.02)114 204 R 30
(920807700: 0.02)114 216 R 30(920808000: 0.01)114 228 R 30
(920808300: 0.02)114 240 R 30(920808600: 0.01)114 252 R 30
(920808900: 0.00)114 264 R 36(920809200: NaN)114 276 R F0 .925
(If it doesn')108 300 R .925(t, something may be wrong.)-.18 F .925
(Perhaps your)5.925 F/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(OS)3.425 E F0 .926
(will print `)3.425 F(`NaN')-.74 E 3.426('i)-.74 G 3.426(nad)-3.426 G
(if)-3.426 E .926(ferent form.)-.25 F .926(It repre-)5.926 F 1.011
(sents `)108 312 R 1.011(`Not A Number')-.74 F 3.511('. If)-.74 F(your)
3.511 E F2(OS)3.511 E F0 1.01(writes `)3.51 F(`U')-.74 E 3.51('o)-.74 G
3.51(r`)-3.51 G(`)-4.25 E F2(UNKN)A F0 2.49 -.74('' o)D 3.51(rs).74 G
1.01(omething similar that')-3.51 F 3.51(so)-.55 G(kay)-3.51 E 6.01(.I)
-.65 G 3.51(fs)-6.01 G(ome-)-3.51 E .838(thing else is wrong, it will p\
robably be due to an error you made \(assuming that my tutorial is corr\
ect of)108 324 R
(course :\255\). In that case: delete the database and try ag)108 336 Q
(ain.)-.05 E(What this output represents will become clear in the rest \
of the tutorial.)108 352.8 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -3.888(II)108 375.6 S
6.656 -3.328(tt i)3.888 H(is).55 E 2.5(st)-3.888 G(ti)-5.828 E(im)-2.778
E(me)-8.328 E 2.5(et)-4.438 G(to)-5.828 E 2.5(oc)-4.998 G(cr)-6.938 E
-.18(re)-4.438 G(ea)-4.258 E(at)-4.998 E(te)-3.328 E 2.5(es)-4.438 G(so)
-6.388 E(om)-4.998 E(me)-8.328 E 2.5(eg)-4.438 G(gr)-7.498 E(ra)-4.438 E
(ap)-4.998 E(ph)-5.558 E(hi)-5.558 E(ic)-2.778 E(cs)-4.438 E(s)-3.888 E
F0 -.35(Tr)108 392.4 S 2.5(yt).35 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing command:)-.25 E
F1(rrdtool graph speed.gif)114 409.2 Q(\\)198 E
(--start 920804400 --end 920808000)162 421.2 Q(\\)90 E 78
(DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE \\)162 433.2 R(LINE2:myspeed#FF0000)
162 445.2 Q F0 2.325
(This will create speed.gif which starts at 12:00 and ends at 13:00.)108
469.2 R 2.325(There is a de\214nition of v)7.325 F(ariable)-.25 E .491
(myspeed, it is the data from)108 481.2 R F2(RRA)2.991 E F0 -.74(``)
2.991 G(speed').74 E 2.991('o)-.74 G .491(ut of database `)-2.991 F
(`test.rrd')-.74 E .492('. The line dra)-.74 F .492(wn is 2 pix)-.15 F
.492(els high, and)-.15 F .366(comes from v)108 493.2 R .366
(ariable myspeed. The color is red.)-.25 F -1.1(Yo)5.366 G(u')1.1 E .366
(ll notice that the start of the graph is not at 12:00 b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E
1.064(at 12:05 and this is because we ha)108 505.2 R 1.365 -.15(ve i)-.2
H(nsuf).15 E 1.065(\214cient data to tell the a)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
1.065(rage before that time. This will only).15 F(happen when you miss \
some samples, this will not happen a lot, hopefully)108 517.2 Q(.)-.65 E
(If this has w)108 534 Q(ork)-.1 E
(ed: congratulations! If not, check what went wrong.)-.1 E .148
(The colors are b)108 550.8 R .148(uilt up from red, green and blue. F)
-.2 F .148(or each of the components, you specify ho)-.15 F 2.648(wm)
-.25 G .148(uch to use)-2.648 F .201(in he)108 562.8 R .201
(xadecimal where 00 means not included and)-.15 F F2(FF)2.701 E F0 .201
(means fully included.)2.701 F .202(The `)5.201 F(`color')-.74 E 2.702
('w)-.74 G .202(hite is a mixture)-2.702 F(of red, green and blue:)108
574.8 Q F2(FFFFFF)2.5 E F0(The `)2.5 E(`color')-.74 E 2.5('b)-.74 G
(lack is all colors of)-2.5 E(f: 000000)-.25 E F1 24(red #FF0000)126
591.6 R 12(green #00FF00)126 603.6 R 18(blue #0000FF)126 615.6 R
(magenta #FF00FF)126 627.6 Q(\(mixed red with blue\))30 E 18
(gray #555555)126 639.6 R(\(one third of all components\))30 E F0(The)
108 663.6 Q F2(GIF)2.643 E F0 .143
(you just created can be displayed using your f)2.643 F -.2(avo)-.1 G
.143(rite image vie).2 F(wer)-.25 E 5.143(.W)-.55 G .143(eb bro)-5.943 F
.143(wsers will display the)-.25 F F2(GIF)108 675.6 Q F0(via the)2.5 E
F2(URL)2.5 E F0 -.74(``)2.5 G -1.95(\214le://the/path/to/speed.gif ').74
F(')-.74 E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(5)192.34 E
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7.776 -3.888(ss w)4.438 H(wi)-3.33 E(it)-2.778 E(th)-3.328 E 2.5(hs)
-5.558 G(so)-6.388 E(om)-4.998 E(me)-8.328 E 2.5(em)-4.438 G(ma)-10.828
E(at)-4.998 E(th)-3.328 E(h)-5.558 E F0 .985(When looking at the image,\
 you notice that the horizontal axis is labeled 12:10, 12:20, 12:30, 12\
:40 and)108 112.8 R .305(12:50. The tw)108 124.8 R 2.804(or)-.1 G .304
(emaining times \(12:00 and 13:00\) w)-2.804 F .304
(ould not be displayed nicely so the)-.1 F 2.804(ya)-.15 G .304
(re skipped.)-2.804 F(The)5.304 E -.15(ve)108 136.8 S .492
(rtical axis displays the range we entered. W).15 F 2.992(ep)-.8 G(ro)
-2.992 E .493(vided kilometers and when di)-.15 F .493
(vided by 300 seconds, we)-.25 F .647(get v)108 148.8 R .646
(ery small numbers. T)-.15 F 3.146(ob)-.8 G 3.146(ee)-3.146 G .646
(xact, the \214rst v)-3.296 F .646(alue w)-.25 F .646
(as 12 \(12357-12345\) and di)-.1 F .646(vided by 300 this mak)-.25 F
(es)-.1 E 1.165(0.04, which is displayed by RRDtool as `)108 160.8 R
1.165(`40 m')-.74 F 3.665('m)-.74 G 1.165(eaning `)-3.665 F(`40/1000')
-.74 E 1.165('. The `)-.74 F(`m')-.74 E 3.666('h)-.74 G 1.166
(as nothing to do with)-3.666 F .193
(meters, kilometers or millimeters! RRDtool doesn')108 172.8 R 2.693(tk)
-.18 G(no)-2.693 E 2.693(wa)-.25 G .193(bout all this, it just w)-2.693
F .193(orks with numbers and not)-.1 F(with meters...)108 184.8 Q 5.568
(What we did wrong w)108 201.6 R 5.568(as that we should ha)-.1 F 5.868
-.15(ve m)-.2 H 5.568(easured in meters, this w).15 F 5.568(ould ha)-.1
F 5.868 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een).15 E
(\(12357000-12345000\)/300 = 12000/300 = 40.)108 213.6 Q(Let')108 230.4
Q 3.46(sc)-.55 G .96(orrect that. W)-3.46 F 3.46(ec)-.8 G .96
(ould recreate our database and store the correct data b)-3.46 F .959
(ut there is a better w)-.2 F .959(ay: do)-.1 F
(some calculations while creating the gif \214le !)108 242.4 Q/F2 10
/Courier@0 SF(rrdtool graph speed2.gif)126 259.2 Q(\\)162 E
(--start 920804400 --end 920808000)144 271.2 Q(\\)90 E
(--vertical-label m/s)144 283.2 Q(\\)168 E 78
(DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE \\)144 295.2 R
(CDEF:realspeed=myspeed,1000,)144 307.2 Q/F3 10/Symbol SF(*)A F2(\\)114
E(LINE2:realspeed#FF0000)144 319.2 Q F0 .244(After vie)108 343.2 R .244
(wing this)-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(GIF)2.744 E F0 2.744(,y)C .244
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(as disappeared. This it what the correct result w)-2.744 F .245
(ould be. Also,)-.1 F 2.5(al)108 355.2 S
(abel has been added to the image.)-2.5 E
(Apart from the things mentioned abo)5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,t).15 G(he)
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(The calculations are in the)108 372 R F4(CDEF)2.54 E F0 .04
(part and are in Re)2.54 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .039(rse Polish Notation \(")
.15 F F4(RPN)A F0 .039("\). What it says is: `)B(`tak)-.74 E 2.539(et)
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(data source myspeed and the number 1000; multiply those')108 384 R
2.563('. Don')-.74 F 5.063(tb)-.18 G 2.563(other with)-5.063 F F4(RPN)
5.063 E F0 2.563(yet, it will be)5.063 F -.15(ex)108 396 S .01
(plained later on in more detail. Also, you may w).15 F .01
(ant to read my tutorial on CDEFs and Ste)-.1 F .31 -.15(ve R)-.25 H
(ader').15 E 2.51(st)-.55 G(uto-)-2.51 E(rial on)108 408 Q F4(RPN)2.5 E
F0 2.5(.B)C(ut \214rst \214nish this tutorial.)-2.5 E 1.099
(Hang on! If we can multiply v)108 424.8 R 1.099(alues with 1000, it sh\
ould also be possible to display kilometers per hour)-.25 F
(from the same data!)108 436.8 Q 1.6 -.8(To c)108 453.6 T(hange a v).8 E
(alue that is measured in meters per second:)-.25 E<ad>110.5 465.6 Q F3
(*)A F0 2.5(-C)C(alculate meters per hour:)-2.5 E -.25(va)12.5 G(lue).25
E F3(*)2.5 E F0(3600)2.5 E<ad>110.5 477.6 Q F3(*)A F0 2.5(-C)C
(alculate kilometers per hour: v)-2.5 E(alue / 1000)-.25 E<ad>110.5
489.6 Q F3(*)A F0 2.5(-T)C(ogether this mak)-3.3 E 25(es: v)-.1 F(alue)
-.25 E F3(*)2.5 E F0(\(3600/1000\) == v)2.5 E(alue)-.25 E F3(*)2.5 E F0
(3.6)2.5 E .299(In our e)108 506.4 R .299
(xample database we made a mistak)-.15 F 2.798(ea)-.1 G .298
(nd we need to compensate for this by multiplying with 1000.)-2.798 F
(Applying that correction:)108 518.4 Q<ad>110.5 530.4 Q F3(*)A F0 2.5
(-v)C(alue)-2.75 E F3(*)2.5 E F0(3.6)2.5 E F3(*)5 E F0(1000 == v)A(alue)
-.25 E F3(*)2.5 E F0(3600)2.5 E(No)108 547.2 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(et')-2.5 E
2.5(sc)-.55 G(reate this)-2.5 E F4(GIF)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C
(nd add some more magic ...)-2.5 E F2(rrdtool graph speed3.gif)126 564 Q
(\\)162 E(--start 920804400 --end 920808000)144 576 Q(\\)90 E
(--vertical-label km/h)144 588 Q(\\)162 E 78
(DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE \\)144 600 R
("CDEF:kmh=myspeed,3600,)144 612 Q F3(*)A F2 138("\\)C 108
(CDEF:fast=kmh,100,GT,kmh,0,IF \\)144 624 R 108
(CDEF:good=kmh,100,GT,0,kmh,IF \\)144 636 R
(HRULE:100#0000FF:"Maximum allowed")144 648 Q(\\)84 E
(AREA:good#00FF00:"Good speed")144 660 Q(\\)114 E
(AREA:fast#FF0000:"Too fast")144 672 Q F0 .966(This looks much better)
108 696 R 3.466(.S)-.55 G .966(peed in)-3.466 F F4(KM/H)3.467 E F0 .967
(and e)3.467 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.467(na).15 G 3.467(ne)-3.467 G .967
(xtra line with the maximum allo)-3.617 F .967(wed speed \(on the)-.25 F
(road I tra)108 708 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(la).15 G(t\). I also changed th\
e colors used to display speed and changed it from a line into an area.)
-2.5 E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(6)192.34 E EP
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(The calculations are more comple)108 96 Q 2.5(xn)-.15 G -.25(ow)-2.5 G
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E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re:)-2.5 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(Check if kmh is greater than 100)126 112.8 Q 6(\(k)24 G(mh,100 \) GT)-6
E(If so, return 0, else kmh)126 124.8 Q
(\(\(\( kmh,100 \) GT \), 0, kmh\) IF)66 E F0 -.15(Fo)108 148.8 S 2.5
(rt).15 G(he other speed:)-2.5 E F1(Check if kmh is greater than 100)126
165.6 Q 6(\(k)24 G(mh,100 \) GT)-6 E(If so, return kmh, else return 0)
126 177.6 Q(\(\(\( kmh,100\) GT \), kmh, 0\) IF)24 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -7.778(GG)108 212.4 S -4.438(rr)7.778 G -4.998(aa)4.438 G -5.558(pp)
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-2.977 G(elie)-2.977 E .777 -.15(ve t)-.25 H .476
(here are virtually no limits to ho).15 F 2.976(wR)-.25 G .476
(RDtool graph can manipulate data. I will not e)-2.976 F(xplain)-.15 E
(ho)108 241.2 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G 2.5(tw)-2.5 G(orks, b)-2.6 E
(ut look at the follo)-.2 E(wing)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(GIF)2.5 E
F0(:)A F1(rrdtool graph speed4.gif)126 258 Q(\\)162 E
(--start 920804400 --end 920808000)144 270 Q(\\)90 E
(--vertical-label km/h)144 282 Q(\\)162 E 78
(DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE \\)144 294 R
("CDEF:kmh=myspeed,3600,)144 306 Q/F4 10/Symbol SF(*)A F1 138("\\)C 108
(CDEF:fast=kmh,100,GT,100,0,IF \\)144 318 R 72
(CDEF:over=kmh,100,GT,kmh,100,-,0,IF \\)144 330 R 108
(CDEF:good=kmh,100,GT,0,kmh,IF \\)144 342 R
(HRULE:100#0000FF:"Maximum allowed")144 354 Q(\\)84 E
(AREA:good#00FF00:"Good speed")144 366 Q(\\)114 E
(AREA:fast#550000:"Too fast")144 378 Q(\\)126 E
(STACK:over#FF0000:"Over speed")144 390 Q F0(Let')108 414 Q 2.5(sc)-.55
G(reate a quick and dirty)-2.5 E F3(HTML)2.5 E F0(page to vie)2.5 E 2.5
(wt)-.25 G(hree GIFs:)-2.5 E F1
(<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Speed</TITLE></HEAD><BODY>)126 430.8 Q
(<IMG src="speed2.gif" alt="Speed in meters per second">)126 442.8 Q
(<BR>)126 454.8 Q
(<IMG src="speed3.gif" alt="Speed in kilometers per hour">)126 466.8 Q
(<BR>)126 478.8 Q(<IMG src="speed4.gif" alt="Traveled too fast?">)126
490.8 Q(</BODY></HTML>)126 502.8 Q F0(Name the \214le `)108 526.8 Q
(`speed.html')-.74 E 2.5('o)-.74 G 2.5(rs)-2.5 G(imilar)-2.5 E 2.5(,a)
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(w, a)-.25 H .565(ll you ha).65 F .865 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.066(od).15 G
3.066(oi)-3.066 G 3.066(sm)-3.066 G .566(easure the v)-3.066 F .566
(alues re)-.25 F .566(gularly and update the database.)-.15 F .566
(When you w)5.566 F .566(ant to vie)-.1 F(w)-.25 E .506
(the data, recreate the GIFs and mak)108 555.6 R 3.006(es)-.1 G .506
(ure to refresh them in your bro)-3.006 F(wser)-.25 E 3.006(.\()-.55 G
.506(Note: just clicking reload may)-3.006 F .12
(not be enough; Netscape in particular has a problem doing so and you')
108 567.6 R .121(ll need to click reload while pressing)-.1 F
(the shift k)108 579.6 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(\).).15 E F2 -7.218(UU)108 602.4
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(Re)-9.718 E(ea)-4.438 E(al)-4.998 E(li)-2.778 E(it)-2.778 E(ty)-3.328 E
(y)-4.998 E F0 -.8(We)108 619.2 S -1.65 -.5('v e).8 H 4.687
(already used the `)7.687 F(`update')-.74 E 7.187('c)-.74 G 4.687
(ommand: it took one or more parameters in the form of)-7.187 F -.74(``)
108 631.2 S(<time>:<v).74 E(alue>')-.25 E .069('. Y)-.74 F(ou')-1.1 E
.069(ll be glad to kno)-.1 F 2.569(wt)-.25 G .069
(hat you can get the current time by \214lling in a `)-2.569 F(`N')-.74
E 2.569('a)-.74 G 2.569(st)-2.569 G .069(he time.)-2.569 F
(If you wish, you can also use the `)108 643.2 Q(`time')-.74 E 2.5('f)
-.74 G(unction in perl.)-2.5 E(The shortest e)5 E
(xample in this doc :\))-.15 E F1(perl -e 'print time, "\\n" ')126 660 Q
F0(Ho)108 684 Q 2.5(wy)-.25 G(ou can run a program on re)-2.5 E
(gular interv)-.15 E(als is)-.25 E F3(OS)2.5 E F0(speci\214c. But here')
2.5 E 2.5(sa)-.55 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(xample in pseudo code:)-2.65 E F1
(Get the value, put it in variable "$speed")126 700.8 Q
(rrdtool update speed.rrd N:$speed)126 712.8 Q F0 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)
72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(7)192.34 E EP
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130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
(\(Do not try this with our test database, it is used in further e)108
96 Q(xamples\))-.15 E .355(This is all. Run this script e)108 112.8 R
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(inutes. When you need to kno)-2.855 F 2.855(ww)-.25 G .355
(hat the graphics look lik)-2.855 F .355(e, run the)-.1 F -.15(ex)108
124.8 S(amples abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(.Y).15 G
(ou could put them in a script. After running that script, vie)-3.6 E
2.5(wi)-.25 G(nde)-2.5 E(x.html)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -5.558(SS)
108 147.6 S -4.998(oo)5.558 G -8.328(mm)4.998 G 8.876 -4.438(ee w)8.328
H -.1(wo)-2.78 G(or)-4.898 E(rd)-4.438 E(ds)-5.558 E 2.5(so)-3.888 G(on)
-7.498 E(n)-5.558 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -5.002(SS)2.5 G -6.496(NN)5.002
G -8.494(MM)6.496 G -5.497(PP)8.494 G F0 2.91(Ic)108 164.4 S .41
(an imagine v)-2.91 F .41(ery fe)-.15 F 2.91(wp)-.25 G .41
(eople will be able to get real data from their car e)-2.91 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G .41(ry \214v).15 F 2.91(em)-.15 G .41(inutes, all other peo-)
-2.91 F .357(ple will ha)108 176.4 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.857(os).15 G
.357(ettle for some other kind of counter)-2.857 F 2.856(.Y)-.55 G .356
(ou could measure the number of pages printed by a)-3.956 F(printer)108
188.4 Q 3.849(,t)-.4 G 1.349(he cof)-3.849 F 1.349(fee made by the cof)
-.25 F 1.349(fee machine, a de)-.25 F 1.35
(vice that counts the electricity used, whate)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.45
-.55(r. A).15 H -.15(ny).55 G .223
(incrementing counter can be monitored and graphed using the stuf)108
200.4 R 2.722(fy)-.25 G .222(ou learned until no)-2.722 F 1.522 -.65
(w. L)-.25 H .222(ater on we will).65 F .355
(also be able to monitor other types of v)108 212.4 R .356(alues lik)
-.25 F 2.856(et)-.1 G 2.856(emperature. Most)-2.856 F .356
(people will use the counter that k)2.856 F(eeps)-.1 E 1.638
(track of octets \(bytes\) transfered by a netw)108 224.4 R 1.638
(ork de)-.1 F 1.638(vice so we ha)-.25 F 1.937 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 4.137(od)
.15 G 4.137(oj)-4.137 G 1.637(ust that. W)-4.137 F 4.137(ew)-.8 G 1.637
(ill start with a)-4.137 F .902(description of ho)108 236.4 R 3.402(wt)
-.25 G 3.402(oc)-3.402 G .902(ollect data.)-3.402 F .902
(Some people will mak)5.902 F 3.402(ear)-.1 G .902
(emark that there are tools who can do this)-3.402 F .065
(data collection for you. The)108 248.4 R 2.564(ya)-.15 G .064
(re right!)-2.564 F(Ho)5.064 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .864 -.4(r, I f)
.15 H .064(eel it is important that you understand the).4 F 2.564(ya)
-.15 G .064(re not nec-)-2.564 F(essary)108 260.4 Q 5(.W)-.65 G
(hen you ha)-5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(od).15 G(etermine wh)-2.5 E 2.5
(yt)-.05 G(hings went wrong you need to kno)-2.5 E 2.5(wh)-.25 G .5 -.25
(ow t)-2.5 H(he).25 E 2.5(yw)-.15 G(ork.)-2.6 E 1.101
(One tool used in the e)108 277.2 R 1.101(xample has been talk)-.15 F
1.101(ed about v)-.1 F 1.101(ery brie\215y in the be)-.15 F 1.101
(ginning of this document, it is)-.15 F(called)108 289.2 Q/F3 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(SNMP)2.76 E F0 2.76(.I)C 2.76(ti)-2.76 G 2.76(saw)
-2.76 G .26(ay of talking to equipment. The tool I use belo)-2.86 F
2.759(wi)-.25 G 2.759(sc)-2.759 G .259(alled `)-2.759 F(`snmpget')-.74 E
2.759('a)-.74 G .259(nd this is ho)-2.759 F(w)-.25 E(it w)108 301.2 Q
(orks:)-.1 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(snmpget device password OID)126 318 Q F0
-.15(Fo)108 342 S 2.94(rd).15 G -.25(ev)-2.94 G .44
(ice you substitute the name, or the).25 F F3(IP)2.94 E F0 .441
(address, of your de)2.94 F 2.941(vice. F)-.25 F .441(or passw)-.15 F
.441(ord you use the `)-.1 F(`commu-)-.74 E .522(nity read string')108
354 R 3.022('a)-.74 G 3.022(si)-3.022 G 3.022(ti)-3.022 G 3.022(sc)
-3.022 G .522(alled in the)-3.022 F F3(SNMP)3.022 E F0 -.1(wo)3.022 G
3.022(rld. F).1 F .522(or some de)-.15 F .522(vices the def)-.25 F .521
(ault of `)-.1 F(`public')-.74 E 3.021('m)-.74 G .521(ight w)-3.021 F
(ork,)-.1 E(ho)108 366 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.504(rt).15 G .004
(his can be disabled, altered or protected for pri)-2.504 F -.25(va)-.25
G .305 -.15(cy a).25 H .005(nd security reasons.).15 F .005
(Read the documentation)5.005 F(that comes with your de)108 378 Q
(vice or program.)-.25 E(Then there is this third parameter)108 394.8 Q
2.5(,c)-.4 G(alled)-2.5 E F3(OID)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(hich means `)-2.5 E
(`object identi\214er')-.74 E('.)-.74 E .531
(When you start to learn about)108 411.6 R F3(SNMP)3.03 E F0 .53
(it looks v)3.03 F .53(ery confusing. It isn')-.15 F 3.03(ta)-.18 G .53
(ll that dif)-3.03 F .53(\214cult when you look at the)-.25 F .118
(Management Information Base \(")108 423.6 R F3(MIB)A F0 2.618("\). It)B
.118(is an upside-do)2.618 F .118
(wn tree that describes data, with a single node as)-.25 F .061
(the root and from there a number of branches.)108 435.6 R .06
(These branches end up in another node, the)5.061 F 2.56(yb)-.15 G .06
(ranch out, etc.)-2.56 F .604(All the branches ha)108 447.6 R .904 -.15
(ve a n)-.2 H .604(ame and the).15 F 3.104(yf)-.15 G .604
(orm the path that we follo)-3.104 F 3.104(wa)-.25 G .604(ll the w)
-3.104 F .604(ay do)-.1 F 3.104(wn. The)-.25 F .604(branches that)3.104
F .739(we follo)108 459.6 R 3.239(wa)-.25 G .739(re named: iso, or)
-3.239 F .739(g, dod, internet, mgmt and mib-2.)-.18 F .739
(These names can also be written do)5.739 F .738(wn as)-.25 F
(numbers and are 1 3 6 1 2 1.)108 471.6 Q F4
(iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2 \(1.3.6.1.2.1\))126 488.4 Q F0 .547(Th\
ere is a lot of confusion about the leading dot that some programs use.)
108 512.4 R .547(There is)5.547 F/F5 10/Symbol SF(*)3.047 E F0(no)A F5
(*)A F0 .547(leading dot in an)3.047 F F3(OID)108 524.4 Q F0 5.116(.H)C
-.25(ow)-5.116 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H .916 -.4(r, s).25 H .116
(ome programs can use abo).4 F .416 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .116
(art of OIDs as a def).15 F 2.615(ault. T)-.1 F 2.615(oi)-.8 G .115
(ndicate the dif)-2.615 F .115(ference between)-.25 F(abbre)108 536.4 Q
.561(viated OIDs and full OIDs the)-.25 F 3.061(yn)-.15 G .562
(eed a leading dot when you specify the complete)-3.061 F F3(OID)3.062 E
F0 5.562(.O)C .562(ften those)-5.562 F 1.13(programs will lea)108 548.4
R 1.43 -.15(ve o)-.2 H 1.13(ut the def).15 F 1.13
(ault portion when returning the data to you.)-.1 F 2.73 -.8(To m)6.13 H
(ak).8 E 3.63(et)-.1 G 1.13(hings w)-3.63 F 1.13(orse, the)-.1 F(y)-.15
E(ha)108 560.4 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H -2.15 -.25(ev e).15 H(ral def).25 E
(ault pre\214x)-.1 E(es ...)-.15 E .722
(Right, lets continue to the start of our)108 577.2 R F3(OID)3.223 E F0
3.223(:w)C 3.223(eh)-3.223 G .723
(ad 1.3.6.1.2.1 From there, we are especially interested in)-3.223 F
(the branch `)108 589.2 Q(`interf)-.74 E(aces')-.1 E 2.5('w)-.74 G
(hich has number 2 \(e)-2.5 E 2.5(g1)-.15 G
(.3.6.1.2.1.2 or 1.3.6.1.2.1.interf)-2.5 E(aces\).)-.1 E .496
(First, we ha)108 606 R .796 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.996(og).15 G .496
(et some)-2.996 F F3(SNMP)2.996 E F0 .496
(program. First look if there is a pre-compiled package a)2.996 F -.25
(va)-.2 G .495(ilable for your).25 F F3(OS)108 618 Q F0 3.655(.T)C 1.155
(his is the preferred w)-3.655 F(ay)-.1 E 6.155(.I)-.65 G 3.655(fn)
-6.155 G 1.155(ot, you will ha)-3.655 F 1.455 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.655(og)
.15 G 1.155(et yourself the sources and compile those.)-3.655 F(The)
6.156 E .277(Internet is full of sources, programs etc. Find informatio\
n using a search engine or whate)108 630 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.777(ry).15 G
.277(ou prefer)-2.777 F 2.777(.A)-.55 G(s)-2.777 E 2.5(as)108 642 S
(uggestion: look for)-2.5 E F3(CMU)2.5 E F0<ad>A F3(SNMP)A F0 5(.I)C 2.5
(ti)-5 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(ommonly used.)-2.5 E .685
(Assume you got the program. First try to collect some data that is a)
108 658.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .685(ilable on most systems. Remember:).25 F(\
there is a short name for the part of the tree that interests us most i\
n the w)108 670.8 Q(orld we li)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(n!).15 E 3.303
(Iw)108 687.6 S .803(ill use the short v)-3.303 F .802
(ersion as I think this document is lar)-.15 F .802
(ge enough as it is. If that doesn')-.18 F 3.302(tw)-.18 G .802
(ork for you,)-3.402 F .46(pre\214x with .1.3.6.1.2.1 and try ag)108
699.6 R 2.96(ain. Also,)-.05 F .461(Read The Fine Manual.)2.961 F .461
(Skip the parts you cannot understand)5.461 F
(yet, you should be able to \214nd out ho)108 711.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(os)-2.5 G(tart the program and use it.)-2.5 E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72
768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(8)192.34 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F/F1 10
/Courier@0 SF(snmpget myrouter public system.sysdescr.0)126 96 Q F0 .442
(The de)108 120 R .441
(vice should answer with a description of itself, perhaps empty)-.25 F
5.441(.U)-.65 G .441(ntil you got a v)-5.441 F .441(alid answer from a)
-.25 F(de)108 132 Q(vice, perhaps using a dif)-.25 E(ferent `)-.25 E
(`passw)-.74 E(ord')-.1 E(', or a dif)-.74 E(ferent de)-.25 E
(vice, there is no point in continuing.)-.25 E F1
(snmpget myrouter public interfaces.ifnumber.0)126 148.8 Q F0 .13
(Hopefully you get a number as a result, the number of interf)108 172.8
R 2.631(aces. If)-.1 F .131(so, you can carry on and try a dif)2.631 F
(ferent)-.25 E(program called `)108 184.8 Q(`snmpw)-.74 E(alk')-.1 E('.)
-.74 E F1(snmpwalk myrouter public interfaces.iftable.ifentry.ifdescr)
126 201.6 Q F0(If it returns with a list of interf)108 225.6 Q
(aces, you')-.1 E(re almost there.)-.5 E(Here')5 E 2.5(sa)-.55 G 2.5(ne)
-2.5 G(xample:)-2.65 E([user@host /home/ale)115.5 237.6 Q(x]$ snmpw)-.15
E(alk cisco public 2.2.1.2)-.1 E F1
(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.1 = "BRI0: B-Channel 1")126 254.4 Q
(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.2 = "BRI0: B-Channel 2")126 266.4 Q
(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.3 = "BRI0" Hex: 42 52 49 30)126
278.4 Q(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.4 = "Ethernet0")126 290.4 Q
(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.5 = "Loopback0")126 302.4 Q F0 .276
(On this cisco equipment, I w)108 326.4 R .275(ould lik)-.1 F 2.775(et)
-.1 G 2.775(om)-2.775 G .275(onitor the `)-2.775 F(`Ethernet0')-.74 E
2.775('i)-.74 G(nterf)-2.775 E .275(ace and see that it is number four)
-.1 F 2.775(.I)-.55 G(try:)108 338.4 Q F1
([user@host /home/alex]$ snmpget cisco public 2.2.1.10.4 2.2.1.16.4)126
355.2 Q(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifInOctets.4 = 2290729126)126 379.2 Q
(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifOutOctets.4 = 1256486519)126 391.2 Q F0
(So no)108 415.2 Q 2.5(wIh)-.25 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-2.5 H(tw)2.7 E 2.5(oO)
-.1 G(IDs to monitor and the)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
(re \(in full, this time\):)-2.5 E F1(1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10)126 432 Q F0
(and)108 456 Q F1(1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.16)126 472.8 Q F0
(both with an interf)108 496.8 Q(ace number of 4.)-.1 E(Don')108 513.6 Q
2.546(tg)-.18 G .046(et fooled, this w)-2.546 F(asn')-.1 E 2.546(tm)-.18
G 2.546<798c>-2.546 G .046(rst try)-2.546 F 2.546(.I)-.65 G 2.546(tt)
-2.546 G .046
(ook some time for me too to understand what all these numbers)-2.546 F
.91(mean, it does help a lot when the)108 525.6 R 3.41(yg)-.15 G .909
(et translated into descripti)-3.41 F 1.209 -.15(ve t)-.25 H -.15(ex).15
G .909(t... At least, when people are talking).15 F .251
(about MIBs and OIDs you kno)108 537.6 R 2.751(ww)-.25 G .251(hat it')
-2.751 F 2.751(sa)-.55 G .251(ll about.)-2.751 F .251(Do not for)5.251 F
.252(get the interf)-.18 F .252(ace number \(0 if it is not inter)-.1 F
(-)-.2 E -.1(fa)108 549.6 S(ce dependent\) and try snmpw).1 E
(alk if you don')-.1 E 2.5(tg)-.18 G(et an answer from snmpget.)-2.5 E
.3(If you understand abo)108 566.4 R .6 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .3
(art, and get numbers from your de).15 F .299
(vice, continue on with this tutorial. If not, then)-.25 F
(go back and re-read this part.)108 578.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 14.436
-7.218(AA RR)108 601.2 T -4.438(ee)7.218 G -4.998(aa)4.438 G 5.556
-2.778(ll W)4.998 H -.75(Wo)-7.22 G(or)-4.248 E(rl)-4.438 E(ld)-2.778 E
2.5(dE)-5.558 G(Ex)-9.168 E(xa)-4.998 E(am)-4.998 E(mp)-8.328 E(pl)
-5.558 E(le)-2.778 E(e)-4.438 E F0 .405(Let the fun be)108 618 R .405
(gin. First, create a ne)-.15 F 2.905(wd)-.25 G .406
(atabase. It contains data from tw)-2.905 F 2.906(oc)-.1 G .406
(ounters, called input and output.)-2.906 F .285
(The data is put into archi)108 630 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.785(st).15 G .285
(hat a)-2.785 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .285(rage it. The).15 F 2.784(yt)-.15 G
(ak)-2.784 E 2.784(e1)-.1 G 2.784(,6)-2.784 G 2.784(,2)-2.784 G 2.784
(4o)-2.784 G 2.784(r2)-2.784 G .284(88 samples at a time.)-2.784 F(The)
5.284 E 2.784(ya)-.15 G .284(lso go into)-2.784 F(archi)108 642 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.946(st).15 G .446(hat k)-2.946 F .447
(eep the maximum numbers. This will be e)-.1 F .447
(xplained later on. The time in-between samples is)-.15 F
(300 seconds, a good starting point, which is the same as \214v)108 654
Q 2.5(em)-.15 G(inutes.)-2.5 E F1 6(1s)114 670.8 S
(ample "averaged" stays 1 period of 5 minutes)-6 E 6(6s)114 682.8 S
(amples averaged become one average on 30 minutes)-6 E
(24 samples averaged become one average on 2 hours)114 694.8 Q
(288 samples averaged become one average on 1 day)114 706.8 Q F0
(Lets try to be compatible with)108 730.8 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(MR)2.5
E(TG)-.54 E F0(:)A F3(MR)2.5 E(TG)-.54 E F0(stores about the follo)2.5 E
(wing amount of data:)-.25 E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 778.8 R
(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(9)192.34 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F/F1 10
/Courier@0 SF(600 5-minute samples:)114 96 Q 18(2d)24 G(ays and 2 hours)
-18 E(600 30-minute samples:)114 108 Q(12.5 days)12 E
(600 2-hour samples:)114 120 Q 12(50 days)30 F(600 1-day samples:)114
132 Q 12(732 days)30 F F0 .209
(These ranges are appended so the total amount of data k)108 156 R .209
(ept is approximately 797 days.)-.1 F .208(RRDtool stores the)5.208 F
.13(data dif)108 168 R(ferently)-.25 E 2.63(,i)-.65 G 2.63(td)-2.63 G
(oesn')-2.63 E 2.63(ts)-.18 G .13(tart the `)-2.63 F(`weekly')-.74 E
2.63('a)-.74 G(rchi)-2.63 E .43 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .13(here the `).15 F
(`daily')-.74 E 2.63('a)-.74 G(rchi)-2.63 E .43 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.63
(topped. F).15 F .13(or both archi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E
(the most recent data will be near `)108 180 Q(`no)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 2.5
('a)-.74 G(nd therefore we will need to k)-2.5 E(eep more data than)-.1
E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(MR)2.5 E(TG)-.54 E F0(does!)2.5 E 1.6 -.8(We w)
108 196.8 T(ill need:).8 E F1(600 samples of 5 minutes)114 213.6 Q
(\(2 days and 2 hours\))12 E
(700 samples of 30 minutes \(2 days and 2 hours, plus 12.5 days\))114
225.6 Q(775 samples of 2 hours)114 237.6 Q(\(above + 50 days\))24 E
(797 samples of 1 day)114 249.6 Q
(\(above + 732 days, rounded up to 797\))36 E
(rrdtool create myrouter.rrd)126 273.6 Q(\\)54 E 12
(DS:input:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)180 285.6 R 6(DS:output:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)
180 297.6 R 30(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:600 \\)180 309.6 R 30
(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:6:700 \\)180 321.6 R 24(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:24:775 \\)180
333.6 R 18(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:288:797 \\)180 345.6 R 54
(RRA:MAX:0.5:1:600 \\)180 357.6 R 54(RRA:MAX:0.5:6:700 \\)180 369.6 R 48
(RRA:MAX:0.5:24:775 \\)180 381.6 R(RRA:MAX:0.5:288:797)180 393.6 Q F0
(Ne)108 417.6 Q .826
(xt thing to do is collect data and store it. Here is an e)-.15 F 3.326
(xample. It)-.15 F .826(is written partially in pseudo code so)3.326 F
(you will ha)108 429.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5<6f8c>.15 G
(nd out what to do e)-2.5 E(xactly on your)-.15 E F2(OS)2.5 E F0(to mak)
2.5 E 2.5(ei)-.1 G 2.5(tw)-2.5 G(ork.)-2.6 E F1
(while not the end of the universe)126 446.4 Q(do)126 458.4 Q
(get result of)144 470.4 Q(snmpget router community 2.2.1.10.4)162 482.4
Q(into variable $in)144 494.4 Q(get result of)144 506.4 Q
(snmpget router community 2.2.1.16.4)162 518.4 Q(into variable $out)144
530.4 Q(rrdtool update myrouter.rrd N:$in:$out)144 554.4 Q
(wait for 5 minutes)144 578.4 Q(done)126 590.4 Q F0
(Then, after collecting data for a day)108 614.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G
(ry to create an image using:)-2.5 E F1
(rrdtool graph myrouter-day.gif --start -86400 \\)126 631.2 Q
(DEF:inoctets=myrouter.rrd:input:AVERAGE \\)180 643.2 Q
(DEF:outoctets=myrouter.rrd:output:AVERAGE \\)180 655.2 Q
(AREA:inoctets#00FF00:"In traffic" \\)180 667.2 Q
(LINE1:outoctets#0000FF:"Out traffic")180 679.2 Q F0 .445
(This should produce a picture with one day w)108 703.2 R .446
(orth of traf)-.1 F 2.946(\214c. One)-.25 F .446
(day is 24 hours of 60 minutes of 60 sec-)2.946 F 1.108(onds: 24)108
715.2 R/F3 10/Symbol SF(*)A F0(60)A F3(*)A F0 1.108
(60=86400, we start at no)B 3.607(wm)-.25 G 1.107(inus 86400 seconds. W)
-3.607 F 3.607(ed)-.8 G 1.107(e\214ne \(with DEFs\) inoctets and out-)
-3.607 F .36(octets as the a)108 727.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G .36(rage v).15 F
.36(alues from the database myrouter)-.25 F .36(.rrd and dra)-.55 F 2.86
(wa)-.15 G 2.86(na)-2.86 G .36(rea for the `)-2.86 F(`in')-.74 E 2.86
('t)-.74 G(raf)-2.86 E .36(\214c and a line)-.25 F 154.84
(24/Oct/99 Last)72 775.2 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(10)187.34 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F(for the `)
108 96 Q(`out')-.74 E 2.5('t)-.74 G(raf)-2.5 E(\214c.)-.25 E -.6(Vi)108
112.8 S 1.135 -.25(ew t).6 H .635(he image and k).25 F .635
(eep logging data for a fe)-.1 F 3.135(wm)-.25 G .635(ore days.)-3.135 F
.635(If you lik)5.635 F .635(e, you could try the e)-.1 F .635
(xamples from)-.15 F(the test database and see if you can get v)108
124.8 Q(arious options and calculations w)-.25 E(orking.)-.1 E
(Suggestion:)108 141.6 Q .34
(Display in bytes per second and in bits per second. Mak)108 158.4 R
2.841(et)-.1 G .341(he Ethernet graphics go red if the)-2.841 F 2.841
(ya)-.15 G .341(re o)-2.841 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.841(rf).15 G(our)-2.841 E
(me)108 170.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(bits per second.).05 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -7.218(CC)108 193.2 S -4.998(oo)7.218 G -5.558(nn)4.998 G -3.888(ss)
5.558 G -4.998(oo)3.888 G -2.778(ll)4.998 G -2.778(ii)2.778 G -5.558(dd)
2.778 G -4.998(aa)5.558 G -3.328(tt)4.998 G -2.778(ii)3.328 G -4.998(oo)
2.778 G 11.116 -5.558(nn F)4.998 H(Fu)-.55 E(un)-5.558 E(nc)-5.558 E(ct)
-4.438 E(ti)-3.328 E(io)-2.778 E(on)-4.998 E(ns)-5.558 E(s)-3.888 E F0
3.141(Af)108 210 S 1.141 -.25(ew p)-3.141 H .641
(aragraphs back I mentioned the possibility of k).25 F .64
(eeping the maximum v)-.1 F .64(alues instead of the a)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.2 G(rage).15 E -.25(va)108 222 S(lues. Let').25 E 2.5(sg)-.55 G 2.5
(oi)-2.5 G(nto this a bit more.)-2.5 E .802(Recall all the stuf)108
238.8 R 3.302(fa)-.25 G .802(bout the speed of the car)-3.302 F 3.303
(.S)-.55 G .803(uppose we dro)-3.303 F 1.103 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 3.303(t1)
.15 G(44)-3.303 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(KM/H)3.303 E F0 .803
(during 5 minutes and then)3.303 F 1.031
(were stopped by the police for 25 minutes.)108 250.8 R 1.031
(At the end of the lecture we w)6.031 F 1.031(ould tak)-.1 F 3.531(eo)
-.1 G 1.031(ur laptop and cre-)-3.531 F(ate+vie)108 262.8 Q 3.209(wt)
-.25 G .709(he image tak)-3.209 F .71
(en from the database. If we look at the second)-.1 F F2(RRA)3.21 E F0
.71(we did create, we w)3.21 F .71(ould ha)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.034
(the a)108 274.8 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.034
(rage from 6 samples. The samples measured w).15 F 1.033
(ould be 144+0+0+0+0+0=144, di)-.1 F 1.033(vided by 30 min-)-.25 F .938
(utes, corrected for the error by 1000, translated into)108 286.8 R F2
(KM/H)3.439 E F0 3.439(,w)C .939(ith a result of 24)-3.439 F F2(KM/H)
3.439 E F0 5.939(.I)C -.1(wo)-2.5 G .939(uld still get a).1 F(tick)108
298.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(ut not for speeding an)-.2 E(ymore :\))-.15 E(Ob)108
315.6 Q(viously)-.15 E 3.589(,i)-.65 G 3.589(nt)-3.589 G 1.089
(his case, we shouldn')-3.589 F 3.589(tl)-.18 G 1.089(ook at the a)
-3.589 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.089(rages. In some cases the).15 F 3.589(ya)
-.15 G 1.089(re handy)-3.589 F 3.589(.I)-.65 G 3.589(fy)-3.589 G 1.089
(ou w)-3.589 F 1.088(ant to)-.1 F(kno)108 327.6 Q 2.799(wh)-.25 G .799
-.25(ow m)-2.799 H(uch).25 E F2(KM)2.799 E F0 .299(you had tra)2.799 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G .299(led, the picture w).15 F .3
(ould be the right one to look at. On the other hand, for)-.1 F .859
(the speed that we tra)108 339.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G .859
(led at, the maximum number seen is much more v).15 F .859
(aluable. \(later we will see more)-.25 F(types\))108 351.6 Q .341
(It is the same for data. If you w)108 368.4 R .341(ant to kno)-.1 F
2.841(wt)-.25 G .341(he amount, look at the a)-2.841 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
.342(rages. If you w).15 F .342(ant to kno)-.1 F 2.842(wt)-.25 G .342
(he rate,)-2.842 F .011(look at the maximum.)108 380.4 R(Ov)5.011 E .011
(er time, the)-.15 F 2.511(yw)-.15 G .011(ill gro)-2.511 F 2.511(wa)-.25
G .011(part more and more. In the last database we ha)-2.511 F .311 -.15
(ve c)-.2 H(reated,).15 E .57(there are tw)108 392.4 R 3.07(oa)-.1 G
(rchi)-3.07 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.07(st).15 G .57(hat k)-3.07 F .57
(eep data per day)-.1 F 3.071(.T)-.65 G .571(he archi)-3.071 F .871 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H .571(hat k).15 F .571(eeps a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .571
(rages will sho).15 F 3.071(wl)-.25 G 1.071 -.25(ow n)-3.071 H .571
(umbers, the).25 F(archi)108 404.4 Q .762 -.15(ve t)-.25 H .462(hat sho)
.15 F .461(ws maxima will ha)-.25 F .761 -.15(ve h)-.2 H .461
(igher numbers.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.461 G 2.961(rm).15 G 2.961(yc)-2.961 G
.461(ar this w)-2.961 F .461(ould translate in a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
.461(rages per day).15 F .28(of 96/24=4)108 416.4 R F2(KM/H)2.78 E F0
.28(\(as I tra)2.78 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.78(la).15 G .28
(bout 94 kilometers on a day\) during week days, and maximum of 120)
-2.78 F F2(KM/H)2.781 E F0(on weekdays \(my top speed that I reach e)108
428.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry day\).).15 E .207(Big dif)108 445.2 R .206(fe\
rence. Do not look at the second graph to estimate the distances that I\
 tra)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.706(la).15 G .206(nd do not look at the)
-2.706 F .67(\214rst graph to estimate my speed. This will w)108 457.2 R
.671(ork if the samples are close together)-.1 F 3.171(,a)-.4 G 3.171
(st)-3.171 G(he)-3.171 E 3.171(ya)-.15 G .671(re in \214v)-3.171 F 3.171
(em)-.15 G(in-)-3.171 E(utes, b)108 469.2 Q(ut not if you a)-.2 E -.15
(ve)-.2 G(rage.).15 E .626
(On some days, I go for a long ride. If I go across Europe and tra)108
486 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.126(lf).15 G .626(or o)-3.126 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.126(r1).15 G 3.126(2h)-3.126 G .626(ours, the \214rst graph will)
-3.126 F .866(rise to about 60)108 498 R F2(KM/H)3.366 E F0 3.366(.T)C
.866(he second one will sho)-3.366 F 3.366(w1)-.25 G(80)-3.366 E F2
(KM/H)3.366 E F0 3.366(.T)C .866(his means that I tra)-3.366 F -.15(ve)
-.2 G .866(led a distance of 60).15 F F2(KM/H)108 510 Q F0 1.495
(times 24 H = 1440)3.995 F F2(KM)3.994 E F0 3.994(.Id)C 1.494
(id this with a higher speed and a maximum around 180)-3.994 F F2(KM/H)
3.994 E F0 3.994(.T)C(his)-3.994 E(doesn')108 522 Q 2.882(tm)-.18 G .382
(ean that I tra)-2.882 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .383
(led for 8 hours at a constant speed of 180).15 F F2(KM/H)2.883 E F0
5.383(!T)2.883 G .383(his is a real e)-5.383 F .383(xample: go with)-.15
F .134(the \215o)108 534 R 2.634(wt)-.25 G .134(hrough German)-2.634 F
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-.25 F .433 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(lo).15 E .133(wly through Austria and)-.25
F .244
(the Netherlands. Be careful in the mountains and villages. If you w)108
546 R .245(ould look at the graphs created from the)-.1 F<8c76>108 558 Q
.487(e-minute a)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .487(rages you w).15 F .487
(ould get a totally dif)-.1 F .487(ferent picture. Y)-.25 F .486(ou w)
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(ve)-.2 G -.2(r-).15 G 1.418(age and maximum graphs \(pro)108 570 R
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2.959(ou)-2.959 G .458
(se the collected data for something that it is not suitable for)-2.959
F 2.958(.Y)-.55 G(ou)-4.058 E -.1(wo)108 675.6 S(uld be better of).1 E
2.5(fi)-.25 G 2.5(fy)-2.5 G(ou w)-2.5 E(ould not ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve t)
-.2 H(he graphics at all in that case.).15 E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72
768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(11)187.34 E EP
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.092(earned up to no).15 F 1.392 -.65(w. B)-.25 H .092
(efore you continue with the rest of this doc, I).65 F .104(recommend t\
hat you reread from the start and try some modi\214cations on the e)108
165.6 R .103(xamples. Mak)-.15 F 2.603(es)-.1 G .103(ure you fully)
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(rything. It will be w).15 F .142(orth the ef)-.1 F .142
(fort and helps you not only with the rest of this doc b)-.25 F .143
(ut also in)-.2 F
(your day to day monitoring long after you read this introduction.)108
189.6 Q F1 -7.218(DD)108 212.4 S -4.998(aa)7.218 G -3.328(tt)4.998 G
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(xamples and)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 241.2 S(planation.).15 E -1.1(Yo)108 258
S 2.599(uk)1.1 G(no)-2.599 E 2.599(wt)-.25 G .099(hat in order to vie)
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108 282 R .497(or instance, I'm able to retrie)-.15 F .798 -.15(ve t)
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(he temperature from my router in three places namely the inlet,).15 F
.901(the so called hot-spot and the e)108 294 R 3.401(xhaust. These)-.15
F -.25(va)3.401 G .901(lues are not counters.).25 F .901(If I tak)5.901
F 3.401(et)-.1 G .901(he dif)-3.401 F .901(ference of the tw)-.25 F(o)
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(Hope-)5.716 E
(fully this is zero! If not, the computerroom is on \214re :\))108 318 Q
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(an tell RRDtool to store the v).8 F .502
(alues we measure directly as the)-.25 F 3.002(ya)-.15 G .502
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G .115(ill sho)-2.615 F 2.615(war)-.25 G .115(ather constant)-2.615 F
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(hen the router is b)-2.692 F .192(usy \(it w)-.2 F .192(orks \255> it \
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(temperature rises\). I kno)108 370.8 R 2.503(ww)-.25 G .003
(hen the doors are left open \(the room is cooled \255> the w)-2.503 F
.003(arm air from the rest of)-.1 F .702(the b)108 382.8 R .702
(uilding \215o)-.2 F .701(ws into the computer room \255> the inlet tem\
perature rises\) etc. The data type we use when)-.25 F .094
(creating the database before w)108 394.8 R .094(as counter)-.1 F 2.594
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.095(ferent name for it.)-.25 F(It is called)108 406.8 Q/F2 9
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3.56(ec)-.1 G 1.059(ounter with one dif)-3.56 F(ference:)-.25 E 1.408
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G 1.408(ead. That is: its delta is kno)-3.908 F 1.409
(wn without calculation by)-.25 F .666
(RRDtool whereas RRDtool needs to calculate it for the counter type.)108
507.6 R .665(Example: our \214rst e)5.665 F .665(xample \(12345,)-.15 F
.195(12357, 12363, 12363\) w)108 519.6 R .195(ould read: unkno)-.1 F
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H -2.25 -.15(eg a).15 H(ti).15 E .939 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .639(elta. Ag).15
F .639(ain, the)-.05 F(rest of the calculations stay the same.)108 543.6
Q(Let')108 560.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(ry them all:)-2.5 E 154.84
(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(12)187.34 E EP
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 counter so it should continuously increment and RRDtool should calcula\
te the dif)-6.5 F(ferences.)-.25 E 1.314(Also, RRDtool needs to di)118
411.6 R 1.314(vide the dif)-.25 F 1.314
(ference by the amount of time lapsed. This should end up as a)-.25 F
(straight line at 1 \(the deltas are 300, the time is 300\).)118 423.6 Q
6.5<834c>108 440.4 S(ine B is of type g)-6.5 E(auge. These are `)-.05 E
(`real')-.74 E 2.5('v)-.74 G(alues so the)-2.75 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
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469.2 Q 6.5<834c>108 486 S .38(ine D is of type absolute. This is lik)
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(orks on v)-.1 F .38(alues without calculating the dif)-.25 F(ference.)
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as a dif)118 498 Q(ferent result.)-.25 E .505
(This translates in the follo)108 514.8 R .505(wing v)-.25 F .505
(alues, starting at 23:10 and ending at 00:10 the ne)-.25 F .505
(xt day \(where U means)-.15 F(unkno)108 526.8 Q(wn/unplotted\):)-.25 E
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(ool you and you successfully entered the year 2000 :\) Y)-2.505 F .006
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(ample four times, each time with only one of the lines.).15 E(Let')108
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delta. A number)-6.5 F(di)118 673.2 Q .081(vided by itself is al)-.25 F
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.548(ould be wrong to assume we started at)-.1 F(zero so we don')118
709.2 Q 2.5(t!)-.18 G 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E
(13)187.34 E EP
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96 S(ine B: There is nothing to calculate. The numbers are as is.)-6.5 E
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124.8 R .238(ould put the same numbers in the database as we did for)-.1
F .949(line A, we w)118 136.8 R .949(ould ha)-.1 F 1.249 -.15(ve g)-.2 H
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notice that our counter sho)108 253.2 R .082(ws 999987. W)-.25 F 2.582
(et)-.8 G(ra)-2.582 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.582(l2).15 G(0)-2.582 E F1(KM)108
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(here are only six digits on our counter so it)-3.85 F .313(really sho)
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(rd).15 G .741(ecrease and therefore RRDtool must assume it wrapped if \
it does decrease !)-3.241 F .74(If the delta is)5.74 F(ne)108 325.2 Q
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.461(,t).15 G .961
(his can be compensated for by adding the maximum v)-3.461 F .961
(alue of the counter + 1. F)-.25 F .961(or our car this)-.15 F -.1(wo)
108 337.2 S(uld be:).1 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF
(Delta = 7 - 999987 = -999980)114 354 Q
(\(instead of 1000007-999987=20\))24 E
(Real delta = -999980 + 999999 + 1 = 20)114 378 Q F0 .531
(At the time of writing this document, RRDtool kno)108 402 R .53
(ws of counters that are either 32 bits or 64 bits of size.)-.25 F
(These counters can handle the follo)108 414 Q(wing dif)-.25 E(ferent v)
-.25 E(alues:)-.25 E F3 6(-3)114 430.8 S 6(2b)-6 G(its: 0 ..)-6 E
(4294967295)66 E 6(-6)114 442.8 S 6(4b)-6 G
(its: 0 .. 18446744073709551615)-6 E F0
(If these numbers look strange to you, you w)108 466.8 Q(ould lik)-.1 E
2.5(et)-.1 G 2.5(ov)-2.5 G(ie)-2.5 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(hem in their he)-2.5
E(xadecimal form:)-.15 E F3 6(-3)114 483.6 S 6(2b)-6 G(its: 0 ..)-6 E
(FFFFFFFF)54 E 6(-6)114 495.6 S 6(4b)-6 G(its: 0 .. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)-6
E F0 .553(RRDtool handles both counters the same. If an o)108 519.6 R
-.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 3.054(wo)-.25 G .554(ccurs and the delta w)
-3.054 F .554(ould be ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.054(,R).15 G(RDtool)-3.054 E .137(\214rst adds the maximum of a small\
 counter + 1 to the delta. If the delta is still ne)108 531.6 R -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.637(,i).15 G 2.637(th)-2.637 G .137
(ad to be the lar)-2.637 F(ge)-.18 E 1.03
(counter that wrapped. Add the maximum possible v)108 543.6 R 1.031
(alue of the lar)-.25 F 1.031(ge counter + 1 and subtract the f)-.18 F
(alsely)-.1 E .454(added small v)108 555.6 R 2.954(alue. There)-.25 F
.453(is a risk in this: suppose the lar)2.953 F .453
(ge counter wrapped while adding a huge delta, it)-.18 F .027
(could happen in theory that adding the smaller v)108 567.6 R .028
(alue w)-.25 F .028(ould mak)-.1 F 2.528(et)-.1 G .028(he delta positi)
-2.528 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.528(.I).15 G 2.528(nt)-2.528 G .028(his unlik)
-2.528 F .028(ely case the)-.1 F .49(results w)108 579.6 R .49(ould not\
 be correct. The increase should be nearly as high as the maximum count\
er v)-.1 F .49(alue for that)-.25 F .293(to happen so chances are you w)
108 591.6 R .293(ould ha)-.1 F .593 -.15(ve s)-.2 H -2.15 -.25(ev e).15
H .293(ral other problems as well and this particular problem w).25 F
(ould)-.1 E 1.129(not e)108 603.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.629(nb).15 G 3.629
(ew)-3.629 G 1.129(orth thinking about. Ev)-3.729 F 1.129
(en though I did include an e)-.15 F 1.128
(xample of it so you can judge that for)-.15 F(yourself.)108 615.6 Q
.055(The ne)108 632.4 R .055(xt section gi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.555
(sy).15 G .055(ou some numerical e)-2.555 F .055(xamples for counter)
-.15 F 2.555(-wraps. T)-.2 F .056(ry to do the calculations yourself)
-.35 F(or just belie)108 644.4 Q .3 -.15(ve m)-.25 H 2.5(ei).15 G 2.5
(fy)-2.5 G(our calculator can')-2.5 E 2.5(th)-.18 G
(andle the numbers :\))-2.5 E(Correction numbers:)108 661.2 Q F3 6(-3)
114 678 S 6(2b)-6 G(its: \(4294967295+1\) =)-6 E(4294967296)198 E 6(-6)
114 690 S 6(4b)-6 G
(its: \(18446744073709551615+1\)-correction1 = 18446744069414584320)-6 E
F0 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(14)187.34 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F/F1 10
/Courier@0 SF 42(Before: 4294967200)114 96 R 72(Increase: 100)114 108 R
(Should become: 4294967300)114 120 Q(But really is:)114 132 Q(4)60 E 42
(Delta: -4294967196)114 144 R 6(Correction1: -4294967196)114 156 R
(+4294967296 = 100)6 E 42(Before: 18446744073709551000)114 180 R 132
(Increase: 800)114 192 R(Should become: 18446744073709551800)114 204 Q
(But really is:)114 216 Q(184)108 E 42(Delta: -18446744073709550816)114
228 R 6(Correction1: -18446744073709550816)114 240 R
(+4294967296 = -18446744069414583520)6 E 6
(Correction2: -18446744069414583520)114 252 R
(+18446744069414584320 = 800)6 E 42(Before: 18446744073709551615)114 276
R 6(\(m)6 G(aximum value \))-6 E 30(Increase: 18446744069414584320)114
288 R 6(\(a)6 G(bsurd increase, minimum for)-6 E
(Should become: 36893488143124135935)114 300 Q(this example to work \))
78 E(But really is: 18446744069414584319)114 312 Q 102
(Delta: -4294967296)114 324 R 6(Correction1: -4294967296)114 336 R 6(+4)
6 G(294967296 = 0)-6 E(\(not negative -> no correction2\))114 348 Q 42
(Before: 18446744073709551615)114 372 R 6(\(m)6 G(aximum value \))-6 E
30(Increase: 18446744069414584319)114 384 R 6(\(o)6 G
(ne less increase \))-6 E(Should become: 36893488143124135934)114 396 Q
(But really is: 18446744069414584318)114 408 Q 102(Delta: -4294967297)
114 420 R 6(Correction1: -4294967297)114 432 R(+4294967296 = -1)6 E 6
(Correction2: -1)114 444 R(+18446744069414584320 = 18446744069414584319)
6 E F0 .929(As you can see from the last tw)108 468 R 3.429(oe)-.1 G
.929(xamples, you need strange numbers for RRDtool to f)-3.579 F .928
(ail \(pro)-.1 F .928(vided it')-.15 F(s)-.55 E -.2(bu)108 480 S 3.107
(gf).2 G .608(ree of course\) so this should not happen.)-3.107 F(Ho)
5.608 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
(SNMP)3.508 E F0 .608(or whate)3.108 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.108(rm).15 G
.608(ethod you choose to collect)-3.108 F 1.486
(the data might also report wrong numbers occasionally)108 492 R 6.486
(.W)-.65 G 3.986(ec)-7.286 G(an')-3.986 E 3.986(tp)-.18 G(re)-3.986 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.485(nt all errors b).15 F 1.485(ut there are some)-.2 F
.47(things we can do.)108 504 R .47(The RRDtool `)5.47 F(`create')-.74 E
2.971('c)-.74 G .471(ommand tak)-2.971 F .471(es tw)-.1 F 2.971(os)-.1 G
.471(pecial parameters for this. The)-2.971 F 2.971(yd)-.15 G .471
(e\214ne the)-2.971 F .083(minimum and maximum allo)108 516 R .083
(wed v)-.25 F .083(alue. Until no)-.25 F 1.383 -.65(w, w)-.25 H 2.583
(eu).65 G .083(sed `)-2.583 F(`U')-.74 E .083(', meaning `)-.74 F
(`unkno)-.74 E(wn')-.25 E .082('. If you pro)-.74 F .082(vide v)-.15 F
(al-)-.25 E .204(ues for one or both of them and if RRDtool recei)108
528 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.704(sv).15 G .204
(alues that are outside these limits, it will ignore those)-2.954 F -.25
(va)108 540 S .882(lues. F).25 F .882(or a thermometer in de)-.15 F .882
(grees Celsius, the absolute minimum is just under \255273. F)-.15 F
.881(or my router)-.15 F 3.381(,I)-.4 G .009
(can assume this minimum is much higher so I w)108 552 R .01
(ould say it is 10. The maximum temperature for my router I)-.1 F -.1
(wo)108 564 S .232(uld state as 80. An).1 F 2.732(yh)-.15 G .232
(igher and the de)-2.732 F .232(vice w)-.25 F .232(ould be out of order)
-.1 F 5.232(.F)-.55 G .232(or my car)-5.382 F 2.732(,Iw)-.4 G .232
(ould ne)-2.832 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.731(re).15 G .231(xpect ne)-2.881 F
(g-)-.15 E(ati)108 576 Q 1.106 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .806
(umbers and also I w).15 F .806(ould not e)-.1 F .807
(xpect numbers to be higher than 230. An)-.15 F .807
(ything else, and there must)-.15 F(ha)108 588 Q .656 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.356(een an error).15 F 2.856(.R)-.55 G .356(emember: the opposite is n\
ot true, if the numbers pass this check it doesn')-2.856 F 2.855(tm)-.18
G .355(ean that)-2.855 F(the)108 600 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re correct. Al)-2.5
E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys judge the graph with a health).1 E 2.5(yd)-.05 G
(ose of paranoia if it looks weird.)-2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -7.218
(DD)108 622.8 S -4.998(aa)7.218 G -3.328(tt)4.998 G 9.996 -4.998(aa R)
3.328 H(Re)-2.22 E(es)-4.438 E(sa)-3.888 E(am)-4.998 E(mp)-8.328 E(pl)
-5.558 E(li)-2.778 E(in)-2.778 E(ng)-5.558 E(g)-4.998 E F0 .57
(One important feature of RRDtool has not been e)108 639.6 R .57
(xplained yet: It is virtually impossible to collect the data)-.15 F
.511(and feed it into RRDtool on e)108 651.6 R .511(xact interv)-.15 F
.51(als. RRDtool therefore interpolates the data so it is on e)-.25 F
.51(xact inter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -.25(va)108 663.6 S(ls. If you do not kno)
.25 E 2.5(ww)-.25 G(hat this means or ho)-2.5 E 2.5(wi)-.25 G 2.5(tw)
-2.5 G(orks, then here')-2.6 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(he help you seek:)-2.5 E
1.369(Suppose a counter increases with e)108 680.4 R 1.369
(xactly one for e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.369(ry second. Y).15 F 1.37
(ou w)-1.1 F 1.37(ant to measure it in 300 seconds)-.1 F(interv)108
692.4 Q .333(als. Y)-.25 F .333(ou should retrie)-1.1 F .633 -.15(ve v)
-.25 H .333(alues that are e)-.1 F .333(xactly 300 apart. Ho)-.15 F(we)
-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.132 -.4(r, d).15 H .332(ue to v).4 F .332
(arious circumstances you)-.25 F .607(are a fe)108 704.4 R 3.107(ws)-.25
G .607(econds late and the interv)-3.107 F .608
(al is 303. The delta will also be 303 in that case. Ob)-.25 F .608
(viously RRDtool)-.15 F 1.053
(should not put 303 in the database and mak)108 716.4 R 3.553(ey)-.1 G
1.053(ou belie)-3.553 F 1.353 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.052
(hat the counter increased 303 in 300 seconds.).15 F .193
(This is where RRDtool interpolates: it alters the 303 v)108 728.4 R
.193(alue as if it w)-.25 F .193(ould ha)-.1 F .493 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .193
(een stored earlier and it will).15 F 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 776.4 R
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F .533
(be 300 in 300 seconds.)108 96 R(Ne)5.533 E .533(xt time you are at e)
-.15 F .533(xactly the right time. This means that the current interv)
-.15 F .533(al is)-.25 F .671
(297 seconds and also the counter increased with 297. Ag)108 108 R .671
(ain RRDtool alters the v)-.05 F .671(alue and stores 300 as it)-.25 F
(should be.)108 120 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(in the RDD)144 136.8 Q
(in reality)102 E 12(time+000: 0)114 160.8 R 12(delta="U" time+000:)6 F
6(0d)24 G(elta="U")-6 E(time+300: 300 delta=300)114 172.8 Q 6
(time+300: 300)18 F(delta=300)6 E(time+600: 600 delta=300)114 184.8 Q 6
(time+603: 603)18 F(delta=303)6 E(time+900: 900 delta=300)114 196.8 Q 6
(time+900: 900)18 F(delta=297)6 E F0(Let')108 220.8 Q 2.877(sc)-.55 G
.377(reate tw)-2.877 F 2.877(oi)-.1 G .377(dentical databases. I')-2.877
F .677 -.15(ve c)-.5 H .377
(hosen the time range 920805000 to 920805900 as this goes v).15 F(ery)
-.15 E(well with the e)108 232.8 Q(xample numbers.)-.15 E F1
(rrdtool create seconds1.rrd)126 249.6 Q(\\)18 E(--start 920804700)144
261.6 Q(\\)60 E(DS:seconds:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)144 273.6 Q
(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:24)144 285.6 Q
(for Unix: cp seconds1.rrd seconds2.rrd)126 309.6 Q(for Dos:)126 321.6 Q
(copy seconds1.rrd seconds2.rrd)12 E(for vms:)126 333.6 Q
(how would I know :\))12 E(rrdtool update seconds1.rrd \\)126 357.6 Q
(920805000:000 920805300:300 920805600:600 920805900:900)144 369.6 Q
(rrdtool update seconds2.rrd \\)126 381.6 Q
(920805000:000 920805300:300 920805603:603 920805900:900)144 393.6 Q
(rrdtool graph seconds1.gif)126 417.6 Q(\\)138 E
(--start 920804700 --end 920806200)144 429.6 Q(\\)78 E(--height 200)144
441.6 Q(\\)204 E(--upper-limit 1.05 --lower-limit 0.95 --rigid \\)144
453.6 Q 30(DEF:seconds=seconds1.rrd:seconds:AVERAGE \\)144 465.6 R 132
(CDEF:unknown=seconds,UN \\)144 477.6 R 150(LINE2:seconds#0000FF \\)144
489.6 R(AREA:unknown#FF0000)144 501.6 Q(rrdtool graph seconds2.gif)126
513.6 Q(\\)138 E(--start 920804700 --end 920806200)144 525.6 Q(\\)78 E
(--height 200)144 537.6 Q(\\)204 E
(--upper-limit 1.05 --lower-limit 0.95 --rigid \\)144 549.6 Q 30
(DEF:seconds=seconds2.rrd:seconds:AVERAGE \\)144 561.6 R 132
(CDEF:unknown=seconds,UN \\)144 573.6 R 150(LINE2:seconds#0000FF \\)144
585.6 R(AREA:unknown#FF0000)144 597.6 Q F0(Both graphs should sho)108
621.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he same.)-2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -8.998(WW)72
638.4 S -6.496(RR)8.998 G -6.496(AA)6.496 G -5.497(PP)6.496 G -6.496(UU)
5.497 G -5.497(PP)6.496 G F0(It')108 650.4 Q 3.206(st)-.55 G .706
(ime to wrap up this document. Y)-3.206 F .706(ou no)-1.1 F 3.206(wk)
-.25 G(no)-3.206 E 3.206(wa)-.25 G .706(ll the basics to be able to w)
-3.206 F .707(ork with RRDtool and to)-.1 F .384
(read the documentation a)108 662.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G 2.883(ilable. There)
.25 F .383(is plenty more to disco)2.883 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.883(ra).15 G
.383(bout RRDtool and you will \214nd more)-2.883 F .401
(and more uses for the package. Y)108 674.4 R .401
(ou could create easy graphics using just the e)-1.1 F .402(xamples pro)
-.15 F .402(vided and using)-.15 F(only RRDtool. Y)108 686.4 Q
(ou could also use the front ends that are a)-1.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable.).25 E F2 -8.494(MM)72 703.2 S -6.496(AA)8.494 G -3.499(II)6.496
G -6.001(LL)3.499 G -3.499(II)6.001 G -6.496(NN)3.499 G -7(GG)6.496 G
-6.001(LL)7 G -3.499(II)6.001 G -5.002(SS)3.499 G -6.001(TT)5.002 G F0
.683(Remember to subscribe to the mailing-list. Ev)108 715.2 R .682
(en if you are not answering the mails that come by)-.15 F 3.182(,i)-.65
G 3.182(th)-3.182 G(elps)-3.182 E 1.574
(both you and the rest. A lot of the stuf)108 727.2 R 4.075(ft)-.25 G
1.575(hat I kno)-4.075 F 4.075(wa)-.25 G 1.575(bout MR)-4.075 F 1.575
(TG \(and therefore about RRDtool\) I')-.6 F -.15(ve)-.5 G 154.84
(24/Oct/99 Last)72 775.2 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(16)187.34 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F .289(learne\
d while just reading the list without posting to it. I did not need to \
ask the basic questions as the)108 96 R 2.789(ya)-.15 G(re)-2.789 E .943
(answered in the F)108 108 R 2.043 -.55(AQ \()-.74 H .943
(read it!\) and in v).55 F .943(arious mails by other users.)-.25 F -.4
(Wi)5.943 G .943(th thousands of users all o).4 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.444
(rt).15 G(he)-3.444 E -.1(wo)108 120 S .457(rld, there will al).1 F -.1
(wa)-.1 G .457(ys be people who ask questions that you can answer becau\
se you read this and other).1 F(documentation and the)108 132 Q 2.5(yd)
-.15 G(idn')-2.5 E(t.)-.18 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -5.002(SS)72 148.8 S
-6.001(EE)5.002 G 12.002 -6.001(EE A)6.001 H(AL)-.495 E(LS)-6.001 E(SO)
-5.002 E(O)-7 E F0(The RRDtool manpages)108 160.8 Q F1 10.292 -6.496
(AA UU)72 177.6 T -6.001(TT)6.496 G -7(HH)6.001 G -7(OO)7 G -6.496(RR)7
G F0 3.306(Ih)108 189.6 S .806(ope you enjo)-3.306 F .806(yed the e)-.1
F .807(xamples and their descriptions. If you do, help other people by \
pointing them to)-.15 F .96(this document when the)108 201.6 R 3.46(ya)
-.15 G .96(re asking basic questions. The)-3.46 F 3.459(yw)-.15 G .959
(ill not only get their answer b)-3.459 F .959(ut at the same)-.2 F
(time learn a whole lot more.)108 213.6 Q(Ale)108 230.4 Q 2.5(xv)-.15 G
(an den Bog)-2.75 E(aerdt <ale)-.05 E(x@er)-.15 E(gens.op.het.net>)-.18
E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(17)187.34 E EP
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