Code

Rename tree-parent action to parent
[tig.git] / tig.c
diff --git a/tig.c b/tig.c
index 3fce6f086685395490beacd03f7afb968c5c7670..f72932144b4d893db73720d3946da34d15b97ee7 100644 (file)
--- a/tig.c
+++ b/tig.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* Copyright (c) 2006-2008 Jonas Fonseca <fonseca@diku.dk>
+/* Copyright (c) 2006-2009 Jonas Fonseca <fonseca@diku.dk>
  *
  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/select.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <time.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
 
 #include <regex.h>
 
@@ -64,7 +67,6 @@
 static void __NORETURN die(const char *err, ...);
 static void warn(const char *msg, ...);
 static void report(const char *msg, ...);
-static int read_properties(FILE *pipe, const char *separators, int (*read)(char *, size_t, char *, size_t));
 static void set_nonblocking_input(bool loading);
 static size_t utf8_length(const char *string, int *width, size_t max_width, int *trimmed, bool reserve);
 static bool prompt_yesno(const char *prompt);
@@ -119,34 +121,6 @@ static int load_refs(void);
 #define GIT_CONFIG "config"
 #endif
 
-#define TIG_LS_REMOTE \
-       "git ls-remote . 2>/dev/null"
-
-#define TIG_DIFF_CMD \
-       "git show --pretty=fuller --no-color --root --patch-with-stat --find-copies-harder -C %s 2>/dev/null"
-
-#define TIG_LOG_CMD    \
-       "git log --no-color --cc --stat -n100 %s 2>/dev/null"
-
-#define TIG_MAIN_BASE \
-       "git log --no-color --pretty=raw --parents --topo-order"
-
-#define TIG_MAIN_CMD \
-       TIG_MAIN_BASE " %s 2>/dev/null"
-
-#define TIG_TREE_CMD   \
-       "git ls-tree %s %s"
-
-#define TIG_BLOB_CMD   \
-       "git cat-file blob %s"
-
-/* XXX: Needs to be defined to the empty string. */
-#define TIG_HELP_CMD   ""
-#define TIG_PAGER_CMD  ""
-#define TIG_STATUS_CMD ""
-#define TIG_STAGE_CMD  ""
-#define TIG_BLAME_CMD  ""
-
 /* Some ascii-shorthands fitted into the ncurses namespace. */
 #define KEY_TAB                '\t'
 #define KEY_RETURN     '\r'
@@ -172,7 +146,6 @@ enum format_flags {
        FORMAT_NONE             /* No replacement should be performed. */
 };
 
-static bool format_command(char dst[], const char *src[], enum format_flags flags);
 static bool format_argv(const char *dst[], const char *src[], enum format_flags flags);
 
 struct int_map {
@@ -298,48 +271,6 @@ suffixcmp(const char *str, int slen, const char *suffix)
        return suffixlen < len ? strcmp(str + len - suffixlen, suffix) : -1;
 }
 
-/* Shell quoting
- *
- * NOTE: The following is a slightly modified copy of the git project's shell
- * quoting routines found in the quote.c file.
- *
- * Help to copy the thing properly quoted for the shell safety.  any single
- * quote is replaced with '\'', any exclamation point is replaced with '\!',
- * and the whole thing is enclosed in a
- *
- * E.g.
- *  original     sq_quote     result
- *  name     ==> name      ==> 'name'
- *  a b      ==> a b       ==> 'a b'
- *  a'b      ==> a'\''b    ==> 'a'\''b'
- *  a!b      ==> a'\!'b    ==> 'a'\!'b'
- */
-
-static size_t
-sq_quote(char buf[SIZEOF_STR], size_t bufsize, const char *src)
-{
-       char c;
-
-#define BUFPUT(x) do { if (bufsize < SIZEOF_STR) buf[bufsize++] = (x); } while (0)
-
-       BUFPUT('\'');
-       while ((c = *src++)) {
-               if (c == '\'' || c == '!') {
-                       BUFPUT('\'');
-                       BUFPUT('\\');
-                       BUFPUT(c);
-                       BUFPUT('\'');
-               } else {
-                       BUFPUT(c);
-               }
-       }
-       BUFPUT('\'');
-
-       if (bufsize < SIZEOF_STR)
-               buf[bufsize] = 0;
-
-       return bufsize;
-}
 
 static bool
 argv_from_string(const char *argv[SIZEOF_ARG], int *argc, char *cmd)
@@ -359,6 +290,18 @@ argv_from_string(const char *argv[SIZEOF_ARG], int *argc, char *cmd)
        return *argc < SIZEOF_ARG;
 }
 
+static void
+argv_from_env(const char **argv, const char *name)
+{
+       char *env = argv ? getenv(name) : NULL;
+       int argc = 0;
+
+       if (env && *env)
+               env = strdup(env);
+       if (env && !argv_from_string(argv, &argc, env))
+               die("Too many arguments in the `%s` environment variable", name);
+}
+
 
 /*
  * Executing external commands.
@@ -366,89 +309,210 @@ argv_from_string(const char *argv[SIZEOF_ARG], int *argc, char *cmd)
 
 enum io_type {
        IO_FD,                  /* File descriptor based IO. */
+       IO_BG,                  /* Execute command in the background. */
+       IO_FG,                  /* Execute command with same std{in,out,err}. */
        IO_RD,                  /* Read only fork+exec IO. */
        IO_WR,                  /* Write only fork+exec IO. */
+       IO_AP,                  /* Append fork+exec output to file. */
 };
 
 struct io {
-       enum io_type type; /* The requested type of pipe. */
-       FILE *pipe;             /* Pipe for reading or writing. */
+       enum io_type type;      /* The requested type of pipe. */
+       const char *dir;        /* Directory from which to execute. */
+       pid_t pid;              /* Pipe for reading or writing. */
+       int pipe;               /* Pipe end for reading or writing. */
        int error;              /* Error status. */
-       char sh[SIZEOF_STR];    /* Shell command buffer. */
-       char *buf;              /* Read/write buffer. */
+       const char *argv[SIZEOF_ARG];   /* Shell command arguments. */
+       char *buf;              /* Read buffer. */
        size_t bufalloc;        /* Allocated buffer size. */
+       size_t bufsize;         /* Buffer content size. */
+       char *bufpos;           /* Current buffer position. */
+       unsigned int eof:1;     /* Has end of file been reached. */
 };
 
 static void
 reset_io(struct io *io)
 {
-       io->pipe = NULL;
-       io->buf = NULL;
-       io->bufalloc = 0;
+       io->pipe = -1;
+       io->pid = 0;
+       io->buf = io->bufpos = NULL;
+       io->bufalloc = io->bufsize = 0;
        io->error = 0;
+       io->eof = 0;
 }
 
 static void
-init_io(struct io *io, enum io_type type)
+init_io(struct io *io, const char *dir, enum io_type type)
 {
        reset_io(io);
        io->type = type;
+       io->dir = dir;
+}
+
+static bool
+init_io_rd(struct io *io, const char *argv[], const char *dir,
+               enum format_flags flags)
+{
+       init_io(io, dir, IO_RD);
+       return format_argv(io->argv, argv, flags);
+}
+
+static bool
+io_open(struct io *io, const char *name)
+{
+       init_io(io, NULL, IO_FD);
+       io->pipe = *name ? open(name, O_RDONLY) : STDIN_FILENO;
+       return io->pipe != -1;
 }
 
 static bool
-init_io_fd(struct io *io, FILE *pipe)
+kill_io(struct io *io)
 {
-       init_io(io, IO_FD);
-       io->pipe = pipe;
-       return io->pipe != NULL;
+       return io->pid == 0 || kill(io->pid, SIGKILL) != -1;
 }
 
 static bool
 done_io(struct io *io)
 {
+       pid_t pid = io->pid;
+
+       if (io->pipe != -1)
+               close(io->pipe);
        free(io->buf);
-       if (io->type == IO_FD)
-               fclose(io->pipe);
-       else
-               pclose(io->pipe);
        reset_io(io);
+
+       while (pid > 0) {
+               int status;
+               pid_t waiting = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+
+               if (waiting < 0) {
+                       if (errno == EINTR)
+                               continue;
+                       report("waitpid failed (%s)", strerror(errno));
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+
+               return waiting == pid &&
+                      !WIFSIGNALED(status) &&
+                      WIFEXITED(status) &&
+                      !WEXITSTATUS(status);
+       }
+
        return TRUE;
 }
 
 static bool
 start_io(struct io *io)
 {
-       io->pipe = popen(io->sh, io->type == IO_RD ? "r" : "w");
-       return io->pipe != NULL;
+       int pipefds[2] = { -1, -1 };
+
+       if (io->type == IO_FD)
+               return TRUE;
+
+       if ((io->type == IO_RD || io->type == IO_WR) &&
+           pipe(pipefds) < 0)
+               return FALSE;
+       else if (io->type == IO_AP)
+               pipefds[1] = io->pipe;
+
+       if ((io->pid = fork())) {
+               if (pipefds[!(io->type == IO_WR)] != -1)
+                       close(pipefds[!(io->type == IO_WR)]);
+               if (io->pid != -1) {
+                       io->pipe = pipefds[!!(io->type == IO_WR)];
+                       return TRUE;
+               }
+
+       } else {
+               if (io->type != IO_FG) {
+                       int devnull = open("/dev/null", O_RDWR);
+                       int readfd  = io->type == IO_WR ? pipefds[0] : devnull;
+                       int writefd = (io->type == IO_RD || io->type == IO_AP)
+                                                       ? pipefds[1] : devnull;
+
+                       dup2(readfd,  STDIN_FILENO);
+                       dup2(writefd, STDOUT_FILENO);
+                       dup2(devnull, STDERR_FILENO);
+
+                       close(devnull);
+                       if (pipefds[0] != -1)
+                               close(pipefds[0]);
+                       if (pipefds[1] != -1)
+                               close(pipefds[1]);
+               }
+
+               if (io->dir && *io->dir && chdir(io->dir) == -1)
+                       die("Failed to change directory: %s", strerror(errno));
+
+               execvp(io->argv[0], (char *const*) io->argv);
+               die("Failed to execute program: %s", strerror(errno));
+       }
+
+       if (pipefds[!!(io->type == IO_WR)] != -1)
+               close(pipefds[!!(io->type == IO_WR)]);
+       return FALSE;
 }
 
 static bool
-run_io(struct io *io, enum io_type type, const char *cmd)
+run_io(struct io *io, const char **argv, const char *dir, enum io_type type)
 {
-       init_io(io, type);
-       string_ncopy(io->sh, cmd, strlen(cmd));
+       init_io(io, dir, type);
+       if (!format_argv(io->argv, argv, FORMAT_NONE))
+               return FALSE;
        return start_io(io);
 }
 
+static int
+run_io_do(struct io *io)
+{
+       return start_io(io) && done_io(io);
+}
+
+static int
+run_io_bg(const char **argv)
+{
+       struct io io = {};
+
+       init_io(&io, NULL, IO_BG);
+       if (!format_argv(io.argv, argv, FORMAT_NONE))
+               return FALSE;
+       return run_io_do(&io);
+}
+
 static bool
-run_io_format(struct io *io, const char *cmd, ...)
+run_io_fg(const char **argv, const char *dir)
 {
-       va_list args;
+       struct io io = {};
 
-       va_start(args, cmd);
-       init_io(io, IO_RD);
+       init_io(&io, dir, IO_FG);
+       if (!format_argv(io.argv, argv, FORMAT_NONE))
+               return FALSE;
+       return run_io_do(&io);
+}
 
-       if (vsnprintf(io->sh, sizeof(io->sh), cmd, args) >= sizeof(io->sh))
-               io->sh[0] = 0;
-       va_end(args);
+static bool
+run_io_append(const char **argv, enum format_flags flags, int fd)
+{
+       struct io io = {};
 
-       return io->sh[0] ? start_io(io) : FALSE;
+       init_io(&io, NULL, IO_AP);
+       io.pipe = fd;
+       if (format_argv(io.argv, argv, flags))
+               return run_io_do(&io);
+       close(fd);
+       return FALSE;
+}
+
+static bool
+run_io_rd(struct io *io, const char **argv, enum format_flags flags)
+{
+       return init_io_rd(io, argv, NULL, flags) && start_io(io);
 }
 
 static bool
 io_eof(struct io *io)
 {
-       return feof(io->pipe);
+       return io->eof;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -463,25 +527,122 @@ io_strerror(struct io *io)
        return strerror(io->error);
 }
 
+static bool
+io_can_read(struct io *io)
+{
+       struct timeval tv = { 0, 500 };
+       fd_set fds;
+
+       FD_ZERO(&fds);
+       FD_SET(io->pipe, &fds);
+
+       return select(io->pipe + 1, &fds, NULL, NULL, &tv) > 0;
+}
+
+static ssize_t
+io_read(struct io *io, void *buf, size_t bufsize)
+{
+       do {
+               ssize_t readsize = read(io->pipe, buf, bufsize);
+
+               if (readsize < 0 && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR))
+                       continue;
+               else if (readsize == -1)
+                       io->error = errno;
+               else if (readsize == 0)
+                       io->eof = 1;
+               return readsize;
+       } while (1);
+}
+
 static char *
-io_gets(struct io *io)
+io_get(struct io *io, int c, bool can_read)
 {
+       char *eol;
+       ssize_t readsize;
+
        if (!io->buf) {
-               io->buf = malloc(BUFSIZ);
+               io->buf = io->bufpos = malloc(BUFSIZ);
                if (!io->buf)
                        return NULL;
                io->bufalloc = BUFSIZ;
+               io->bufsize = 0;
+       }
+
+       while (TRUE) {
+               if (io->bufsize > 0) {
+                       eol = memchr(io->bufpos, c, io->bufsize);
+                       if (eol) {
+                               char *line = io->bufpos;
+
+                               *eol = 0;
+                               io->bufpos = eol + 1;
+                               io->bufsize -= io->bufpos - line;
+                               return line;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (io_eof(io)) {
+                       if (io->bufsize) {
+                               io->bufpos[io->bufsize] = 0;
+                               io->bufsize = 0;
+                               return io->bufpos;
+                       }
+                       return NULL;
+               }
+
+               if (!can_read)
+                       return NULL;
+
+               if (io->bufsize > 0 && io->bufpos > io->buf)
+                       memmove(io->buf, io->bufpos, io->bufsize);
+
+               io->bufpos = io->buf;
+               readsize = io_read(io, io->buf + io->bufsize, io->bufalloc - io->bufsize);
+               if (io_error(io))
+                       return NULL;
+               io->bufsize += readsize;
        }
+}
+
+static bool
+io_write(struct io *io, const void *buf, size_t bufsize)
+{
+       size_t written = 0;
 
-       if (!fgets(io->buf, io->bufalloc, io->pipe)) {
-               if (ferror(io->pipe))
+       while (!io_error(io) && written < bufsize) {
+               ssize_t size;
+
+               size = write(io->pipe, buf + written, bufsize - written);
+               if (size < 0 && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR))
+                       continue;
+               else if (size == -1)
                        io->error = errno;
-               return NULL;
+               else
+                       written += size;
        }
 
-       return io->buf;
+       return written == bufsize;
+}
+
+static bool
+run_io_buf(const char **argv, char buf[], size_t bufsize)
+{
+       struct io io = {};
+       bool error;
+
+       if (!run_io_rd(&io, argv, FORMAT_NONE))
+               return FALSE;
+
+       io.buf = io.bufpos = buf;
+       io.bufalloc = bufsize;
+       error = !io_get(&io, '\n', TRUE) && io_error(&io);
+       io.buf = NULL;
+
+       return done_io(&io) || error;
 }
 
+static int read_properties(struct io *io, const char *separators, int (*read)(char *, size_t, char *, size_t));
 
 /*
  * User requests
@@ -505,6 +666,7 @@ io_gets(struct io *io)
        REQ_(ENTER,             "Enter current line and scroll"), \
        REQ_(NEXT,              "Move to next"), \
        REQ_(PREVIOUS,          "Move to previous"), \
+       REQ_(PARENT,            "Move to parent"), \
        REQ_(VIEW_NEXT,         "Move focus to next view"), \
        REQ_(REFRESH,           "Reload and refresh"), \
        REQ_(MAXIMIZE,          "Maximize the current view"), \
@@ -516,7 +678,6 @@ io_gets(struct io *io)
        REQ_(STATUS_REVERT,     "Revert file changes"), \
        REQ_(STATUS_MERGE,      "Merge file using external tool"), \
        REQ_(STAGE_NEXT,        "Find next chunk to stage"), \
-       REQ_(TREE_PARENT,       "Switch to parent directory in tree view"), \
        \
        REQ_GROUP("Cursor navigation") \
        REQ_(MOVE_UP,           "Move cursor one line up"), \
@@ -548,7 +709,6 @@ io_gets(struct io *io)
        REQ_GROUP("Misc") \
        REQ_(PROMPT,            "Bring up the prompt"), \
        REQ_(SCREEN_REDRAW,     "Redraw the screen"), \
-       REQ_(SCREEN_RESIZE,     "Resize the screen"), \
        REQ_(SHOW_VERSION,      "Show version information"), \
        REQ_(STOP_LOADING,      "Stop all loading views"), \
        REQ_(EDIT,              "Open in editor"), \
@@ -625,20 +785,19 @@ static bool opt_show_refs         = TRUE;
 static int opt_num_interval            = NUMBER_INTERVAL;
 static int opt_tab_size                        = TAB_SIZE;
 static int opt_author_cols             = AUTHOR_COLS-1;
-static char opt_cmd[SIZEOF_STR]                = "";
 static char opt_path[SIZEOF_STR]       = "";
 static char opt_file[SIZEOF_STR]       = "";
 static char opt_ref[SIZEOF_REF]                = "";
 static char opt_head[SIZEOF_REF]       = "";
 static char opt_head_rev[SIZEOF_REV]   = "";
 static char opt_remote[SIZEOF_REF]     = "";
-static FILE *opt_pipe                  = NULL;
 static char opt_encoding[20]           = "UTF-8";
 static bool opt_utf8                   = TRUE;
 static char opt_codeset[20]            = "UTF-8";
 static iconv_t opt_iconv               = ICONV_NONE;
 static char opt_search[SIZEOF_STR]     = "";
 static char opt_cdup[SIZEOF_STR]       = "";
+static char opt_prefix[SIZEOF_STR]     = "";
 static char opt_git_dir[SIZEOF_STR]    = "";
 static signed char opt_is_inside_work_tree     = -1; /* set to TRUE or FALSE */
 static char opt_editor[SIZEOF_STR]     = "";
@@ -648,18 +807,21 @@ static FILE *opt_tty                      = NULL;
 #define is_head_commit(rev)    (!strcmp((rev), "HEAD") || !strcmp(opt_head_rev, (rev)))
 
 static enum request
-parse_options(int argc, const char *argv[])
+parse_options(int argc, const char *argv[], const char ***run_argv)
 {
        enum request request = REQ_VIEW_MAIN;
-       size_t buf_size;
        const char *subcommand;
        bool seen_dashdash = FALSE;
-       int i;
+       /* XXX: This is vulnerable to the user overriding options
+        * required for the main view parser. */
+       static const char *custom_argv[SIZEOF_ARG] = {
+               "git", "log", "--no-color", "--pretty=raw", "--parents",
+                       "--topo-order", NULL
+       };
+       int i, j = 6;
 
-       if (!isatty(STDIN_FILENO)) {
-               opt_pipe = stdin;
+       if (!isatty(STDIN_FILENO))
                return REQ_VIEW_PAGER;
-       }
 
        if (argc <= 1)
                return REQ_VIEW_MAIN;
@@ -696,14 +858,10 @@ parse_options(int argc, const char *argv[])
                subcommand = NULL;
        }
 
-       if (!subcommand)
-               /* XXX: This is vulnerable to the user overriding
-                * options required for the main view parser. */
-               string_copy(opt_cmd, TIG_MAIN_BASE);
-       else
-               string_format(opt_cmd, "git %s", subcommand);
-
-       buf_size = strlen(opt_cmd);
+       if (subcommand) {
+               custom_argv[1] = subcommand;
+               j = 2;
+       }
 
        for (i = 1 + !!subcommand; i < argc; i++) {
                const char *opt = argv[i];
@@ -720,13 +878,13 @@ parse_options(int argc, const char *argv[])
                        return REQ_NONE;
                }
 
-               opt_cmd[buf_size++] = ' ';
-               buf_size = sq_quote(opt_cmd, buf_size, opt);
-               if (buf_size >= sizeof(opt_cmd))
+               custom_argv[j++] = opt;
+               if (j >= ARRAY_SIZE(custom_argv))
                        die("command too long");
        }
 
-       opt_cmd[buf_size] = 0;
+       custom_argv[j] = NULL;
+       *run_argv = custom_argv;
 
        return request;
 }
@@ -782,7 +940,9 @@ LINE(MAIN_TRACKED, "",                      COLOR_YELLOW,   COLOR_DEFAULT,  A_BOLD), \
 LINE(MAIN_REF,     "",                 COLOR_CYAN,     COLOR_DEFAULT,  0), \
 LINE(MAIN_HEAD,    "",                 COLOR_CYAN,     COLOR_DEFAULT,  A_BOLD), \
 LINE(MAIN_REVGRAPH,"",                 COLOR_MAGENTA,  COLOR_DEFAULT,  0), \
-LINE(TREE_DIR,     "",                 COLOR_DEFAULT,  COLOR_DEFAULT,  A_NORMAL), \
+LINE(TREE_PARENT,  "",                 COLOR_DEFAULT,  COLOR_DEFAULT,  A_BOLD), \
+LINE(TREE_MODE,    "",                 COLOR_CYAN,     COLOR_DEFAULT,  0), \
+LINE(TREE_DIR,     "",                 COLOR_YELLOW,   COLOR_DEFAULT,  A_NORMAL), \
 LINE(TREE_FILE,    "",                 COLOR_DEFAULT,  COLOR_DEFAULT,  A_NORMAL), \
 LINE(STAT_HEAD,    "",                 COLOR_YELLOW,   COLOR_DEFAULT,  0), \
 LINE(STAT_SECTION, "",                 COLOR_CYAN,     COLOR_DEFAULT,  0), \
@@ -880,6 +1040,7 @@ struct line {
        /* State flags */
        unsigned int selected:1;
        unsigned int dirty:1;
+       unsigned int cleareol:1;
 
        void *data;             /* User data */
 };
@@ -955,11 +1116,8 @@ static struct keybinding default_keybindings[] = {
        { '!',          REQ_STATUS_REVERT },
        { 'M',          REQ_STATUS_MERGE },
        { '@',          REQ_STAGE_NEXT },
-       { ',',          REQ_TREE_PARENT },
+       { ',',          REQ_PARENT },
        { 'e',          REQ_EDIT },
-
-       /* Using the ncurses SIGWINCH handler. */
-       { KEY_RESIZE,   REQ_SCREEN_RESIZE },
 };
 
 #define KEYMAP_INFO \
@@ -1393,16 +1551,25 @@ option_bind_command(int argc, const char *argv[])
 
        request = get_request(argv[2]);
        if (request == REQ_NONE) {
-               const char *obsolete[] = { "cherry-pick" };
+               struct {
+                       const char *name;
+                       enum request request;
+               } obsolete[] = {
+                       { "cherry-pick",        REQ_NONE },
+                       { "screen-resize",      REQ_NONE },
+                       { "tree-parent",        REQ_PARENT },
+               };
                size_t namelen = strlen(argv[2]);
                int i;
 
                for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(obsolete); i++) {
-                       if (namelen == strlen(obsolete[i]) &&
-                           !string_enum_compare(obsolete[i], argv[2], namelen)) {
-                               config_msg = "Obsolete request name";
-                               return ERR;
-                       }
+                       if (namelen != strlen(obsolete[i].name) ||
+                           string_enum_compare(obsolete[i].name, argv[2], namelen))
+                               continue;
+                       if (obsolete[i].request != REQ_NONE)
+                               add_keybinding(keymap, obsolete[i].request, key);
+                       config_msg = "Obsolete request name";
+                       return ERR;
                }
        }
        if (request == REQ_NONE && *argv[2]++ == '!')
@@ -1484,17 +1651,16 @@ read_option(char *opt, size_t optlen, char *value, size_t valuelen)
 static void
 load_option_file(const char *path)
 {
-       FILE *file;
+       struct io io = {};
 
        /* It's ok that the file doesn't exist. */
-       file = fopen(path, "r");
-       if (!file)
+       if (!io_open(&io, path))
                return;
 
        config_lineno = 0;
        config_errors = FALSE;
 
-       if (read_properties(file, " \t", read_option) == ERR ||
+       if (read_properties(&io, " \t", read_option) == ERR ||
            config_errors == TRUE)
                fprintf(stderr, "Errors while loading %s.\n", path);
 }
@@ -1553,7 +1719,6 @@ static char ref_head[SIZEOF_REF]  = "HEAD";
 
 struct view {
        const char *name;       /* View name */
-       const char *cmd_fmt;    /* Default command line format */
        const char *cmd_env;    /* Command line set via environment */
        const char *id;         /* Points to either of ref_{head,commit,blob} */
 
@@ -1572,6 +1737,9 @@ struct view {
        /* Navigation */
        unsigned long offset;   /* Offset of the window top */
        unsigned long lineno;   /* Current line number */
+       unsigned long p_offset; /* Previous offset of the window top */
+       unsigned long p_lineno; /* Previous current line number */
+       bool p_restore;         /* Should the previous position be restored. */
 
        /* Searching */
        char grep[SIZEOF_STR];  /* Search string */
@@ -1585,7 +1753,6 @@ struct view {
        size_t lines;           /* Total number of lines */
        struct line *line;      /* Line index */
        size_t line_alloc;      /* Total number of allocated lines */
-       size_t line_size;       /* Total number of used lines */
        unsigned int digits;    /* Number of digits in the lines member. */
 
        /* Drawing */
@@ -1597,11 +1764,14 @@ struct view {
        struct io io;
        struct io *pipe;
        time_t start_time;
+       time_t update_secs;
 };
 
 struct view_ops {
        /* What type of content being displayed. Used in the title bar. */
        const char *type;
+       /* Default command arguments. */
+       const char **argv;
        /* Open and reads in all view content. */
        bool (*open)(struct view *view);
        /* Read one line; updates view->line. */
@@ -1618,6 +1788,7 @@ struct view_ops {
 
 static struct view_ops blame_ops;
 static struct view_ops blob_ops;
+static struct view_ops diff_ops;
 static struct view_ops help_ops;
 static struct view_ops log_ops;
 static struct view_ops main_ops;
@@ -1626,16 +1797,16 @@ static struct view_ops stage_ops;
 static struct view_ops status_ops;
 static struct view_ops tree_ops;
 
-#define VIEW_STR(name, cmd, env, ref, ops, map, git) \
-       { name, cmd, #env, ref, ops, map, git }
+#define VIEW_STR(name, env, ref, ops, map, git) \
+       { name, #env, ref, ops, map, git }
 
 #define VIEW_(id, name, ops, git, ref) \
-       VIEW_STR(name, TIG_##id##_CMD,  TIG_##id##_CMD, ref, ops, KEYMAP_##id, git)
+       VIEW_STR(name, TIG_##id##_CMD, ref, ops, KEYMAP_##id, git)
 
 
 static struct view views[] = {
        VIEW_(MAIN,   "main",   &main_ops,   TRUE,  ref_head),
-       VIEW_(DIFF,   "diff",   &pager_ops,  TRUE,  ref_commit),
+       VIEW_(DIFF,   "diff",   &diff_ops,   TRUE,  ref_commit),
        VIEW_(LOG,    "log",    &log_ops,    TRUE,  ref_head),
        VIEW_(TREE,   "tree",   &tree_ops,   TRUE,  ref_commit),
        VIEW_(BLOB,   "blob",   &blob_ops,   TRUE,  ref_blob),
@@ -1841,17 +2012,18 @@ draw_view_line(struct view *view, unsigned int lineno)
        line = &view->line[view->offset + lineno];
 
        wmove(view->win, lineno, 0);
+       if (line->cleareol)
+               wclrtoeol(view->win);
        view->col = 0;
        view->curline = line;
        view->curtype = LINE_NONE;
        line->selected = FALSE;
+       line->dirty = line->cleareol = 0;
 
        if (selected) {
                set_view_attr(view, LINE_CURSOR);
                line->selected = TRUE;
                view->ops->select(view, line);
-       } else if (line->selected) {
-               wclrtoeol(view->win);
        }
 
        scrollok(view->win, FALSE);
@@ -1868,11 +2040,10 @@ redraw_view_dirty(struct view *view)
        int lineno;
 
        for (lineno = 0; lineno < view->height; lineno++) {
-               struct line *line = &view->line[view->offset + lineno];
-
-               if (!line->dirty)
+               if (view->offset + lineno >= view->lines)
+                       break;
+               if (!view->line[view->offset + lineno].dirty)
                        continue;
-               line->dirty = 0;
                dirty = TRUE;
                if (!draw_view_line(view, lineno))
                        break;
@@ -1907,7 +2078,7 @@ redraw_view_from(struct view *view, int lineno)
 static void
 redraw_view(struct view *view)
 {
-       wclear(view->win);
+       werase(view->win);
        redraw_view_from(view, 0);
 }
 
@@ -1921,25 +2092,26 @@ update_view_title(struct view *view)
 
        assert(view_is_displayed(view));
 
-       if (view != VIEW(REQ_VIEW_STATUS) && (view->lines || view->pipe)) {
+       if (view != VIEW(REQ_VIEW_STATUS) && view->lines) {
                unsigned int view_lines = view->offset + view->height;
                unsigned int lines = view->lines
                                   ? MIN(view_lines, view->lines) * 100 / view->lines
                                   : 0;
 
-               string_format_from(state, &statelen, "- %s %d of %d (%d%%)",
+               string_format_from(state, &statelen, " - %s %d of %d (%d%%)",
                                   view->ops->type,
                                   view->lineno + 1,
                                   view->lines,
                                   lines);
 
-               if (view->pipe) {
-                       time_t secs = time(NULL) - view->start_time;
+       }
 
-                       /* Three git seconds are a long time ... */
-                       if (secs > 2)
-                               string_format_from(state, &statelen, " %lds", secs);
-               }
+       if (view->pipe) {
+               time_t secs = time(NULL) - view->start_time;
+
+               /* Three git seconds are a long time ... */
+               if (secs > 2)
+                       string_format_from(state, &statelen, " loading %lds", secs);
        }
 
        string_format_from(buf, &bufpos, "[%s]", view->name);
@@ -1953,7 +2125,7 @@ update_view_title(struct view *view)
        }
 
        if (statelen && bufpos < view->width) {
-               string_format_from(buf, &bufpos, " %s", state);
+               string_format_from(buf, &bufpos, "%s", state);
        }
 
        if (view == display[current_view])
@@ -2023,12 +2195,14 @@ resize_display(void)
 }
 
 static void
-redraw_display(void)
+redraw_display(bool clear)
 {
        struct view *view;
        int i;
 
        foreach_displayed_view (view, i) {
+               if (clear)
+                       wclear(view->win);
                redraw_view(view);
                update_view_title(view);
        }
@@ -2047,6 +2221,14 @@ update_display_cursor(struct view *view)
        }
 }
 
+static void
+toggle_view_option(bool *option, const char *help)
+{
+       *option = !*option;
+       redraw_display(FALSE);
+       report("%sabling %s", *option ? "En" : "Dis", help);
+}
+
 /*
  * Navigation
  */
@@ -2239,32 +2421,28 @@ move_view(struct view *view, enum request request)
 
 static void search_view(struct view *view, enum request request);
 
-static bool
-find_next_line(struct view *view, unsigned long lineno, struct line *line)
+static void
+select_view_line(struct view *view, unsigned long lineno)
 {
-       assert(view_is_displayed(view));
-
-       if (!view->ops->grep(view, line))
-               return FALSE;
-
        if (lineno - view->offset >= view->height) {
                view->offset = lineno;
                view->lineno = lineno;
-               redraw_view(view);
+               if (view_is_displayed(view))
+                       redraw_view(view);
 
        } else {
                unsigned long old_lineno = view->lineno - view->offset;
 
                view->lineno = lineno;
-               draw_view_line(view, old_lineno);
-
-               draw_view_line(view, view->lineno - view->offset);
-               redrawwin(view->win);
-               wrefresh(view->win);
+               if (view_is_displayed(view)) {
+                       draw_view_line(view, old_lineno);
+                       draw_view_line(view, view->lineno - view->offset);
+                       redrawwin(view->win);
+                       wrefresh(view->win);
+               } else {
+                       view->ops->select(view, &view->line[view->lineno]);
+               }
        }
-
-       report("Line %ld matches '%s'", lineno + 1, view->grep);
-       return TRUE;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2302,10 +2480,11 @@ find_next(struct view *view, enum request request)
        /* Note, lineno is unsigned long so will wrap around in which case it
         * will become bigger than view->lines. */
        for (; lineno < view->lines; lineno += direction) {
-               struct line *line = &view->line[lineno];
-
-               if (find_next_line(view, lineno, line))
+               if (view->ops->grep(view, &view->line[lineno])) {
+                       select_view_line(view, lineno);
+                       report("Line %ld matches '%s'", lineno + 1, view->grep);
                        return;
+               }
        }
 
        report("No match found for '%s'", view->grep);
@@ -2352,13 +2531,16 @@ reset_view(struct view *view)
                free(view->line[i].data);
        free(view->line);
 
+       view->p_offset = view->offset;
+       view->p_lineno = view->lineno;
+
        view->line = NULL;
        view->offset = 0;
        view->lines  = 0;
        view->lineno = 0;
-       view->line_size = 0;
        view->line_alloc = 0;
        view->vid[0] = 0;
+       view->update_secs = 0;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2434,28 +2616,40 @@ format_argv(const char *dst_argv[], const char *src_argv[], enum format_flags fl
 }
 
 static bool
-format_command(char dst[], const char *src_argv[], enum format_flags flags)
+restore_view_position(struct view *view)
 {
-       const char *dst_argv[SIZEOF_ARG * 2] = { NULL };
-       int bufsize = 0;
-       int argc;
+       if (!view->p_restore || (view->pipe && view->lines <= view->p_lineno))
+               return FALSE;
 
-       if (!format_argv(dst_argv, src_argv, flags)) {
-               free_argv(dst_argv);
+       /* Changing the view position cancels the restoring. */
+       /* FIXME: Changing back to the first line is not detected. */
+       if (view->offset != 0 || view->lineno != 0) {
+               view->p_restore = FALSE;
                return FALSE;
        }
 
-       for (argc = 0; dst_argv[argc] && bufsize < SIZEOF_STR; argc++) {
-               if (bufsize > 0)
-                       dst[bufsize++] = ' ';
-               bufsize = sq_quote(dst, bufsize, dst_argv[argc]);
+       if (view->p_lineno >= view->lines) {
+               view->p_lineno = view->lines > 0 ? view->lines - 1 : 0;
+               if (view->p_offset >= view->p_lineno) {
+                       unsigned long half = view->height / 2;
+
+                       if (view->p_lineno > half)
+                               view->p_offset = view->p_lineno - half;
+                       else
+                               view->p_offset = 0;
+               }
        }
 
-       if (bufsize < SIZEOF_STR)
-               dst[bufsize] = 0;
-       free_argv(dst_argv);
+       if (view_is_displayed(view) &&
+           view->offset != view->p_offset &&
+           view->lineno != view->p_lineno)
+               werase(view->win);
 
-       return src_argv[argc] == NULL && bufsize < SIZEOF_STR;
+       view->offset = view->p_offset;
+       view->lineno = view->p_lineno;
+       view->p_restore = FALSE;
+
+       return TRUE;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2467,6 +2661,8 @@ end_update(struct view *view, bool force)
                if (!force)
                        return;
        set_nonblocking_input(FALSE);
+       if (force)
+               kill_io(view->pipe);
        done_io(view->pipe);
        view->pipe = NULL;
 }
@@ -2482,44 +2678,37 @@ setup_update(struct view *view, const char *vid)
 }
 
 static bool
-begin_update(struct view *view, bool refresh)
+prepare_update(struct view *view, const char *argv[], const char *dir,
+              enum format_flags flags)
 {
-       if (init_io_fd(&view->io, opt_pipe)) {
-               opt_pipe = NULL;
-
-       } else if (opt_cmd[0]) {
-               if (!run_io(&view->io, IO_RD, opt_cmd))
-                       return FALSE;
-               /* When running random commands, initially show the
-                * command in the title. However, it maybe later be
-                * overwritten if a commit line is selected. */
-               if (view == VIEW(REQ_VIEW_PAGER))
-                       string_copy(view->ref, opt_cmd);
-               else
-                       view->ref[0] = 0;
-               opt_cmd[0] = 0;
-
-       } else if (refresh) {
-               if (!start_io(&view->io))
-                       return FALSE;
+       if (view->pipe)
+               end_update(view, TRUE);
+       return init_io_rd(&view->io, argv, dir, flags);
+}
 
-       } else if (view == VIEW(REQ_VIEW_TREE)) {
-               const char *format = view->cmd_env ? view->cmd_env : view->cmd_fmt;
-               char path[SIZEOF_STR];
+static bool
+prepare_update_file(struct view *view, const char *name)
+{
+       if (view->pipe)
+               end_update(view, TRUE);
+       return io_open(&view->io, name);
+}
 
-               if (strcmp(view->vid, view->id))
-                       opt_path[0] = path[0] = 0;
-               else if (sq_quote(path, 0, opt_path) >= sizeof(path))
-                       return FALSE;
+static bool
+begin_update(struct view *view, bool refresh)
+{
+       if (view->pipe)
+               end_update(view, TRUE);
 
-               if (!run_io_format(&view->io, format, view->id, path))
+       if (refresh) {
+               if (!start_io(&view->io))
                        return FALSE;
 
        } else {
-               const char *format = view->cmd_env ? view->cmd_env : view->cmd_fmt;
-               const char *id = view->id;
+               if (view == VIEW(REQ_VIEW_TREE) && strcmp(view->vid, view->id))
+                       opt_path[0] = 0;
 
-               if (!run_io_format(&view->io, format, id, id, id, id, id))
+               if (!run_io_rd(&view->io, view->ops->argv, FORMAT_ALL))
                        return FALSE;
 
                /* Put the current ref_* value to the view title ref
@@ -2561,7 +2750,6 @@ realloc_lines(struct view *view, size_t line_size)
 
        view->line = tmp;
        view->line_alloc = alloc;
-       view->line_size = line_size;
        return view->line;
 }
 
@@ -2570,32 +2758,32 @@ update_view(struct view *view)
 {
        char out_buffer[BUFSIZ * 2];
        char *line;
-       /* The number of lines to read. If too low it will cause too much
-        * redrawing (and possible flickering), if too high responsiveness
-        * will suffer. */
-       unsigned long lines = view->height;
-       int redraw_from = -1;
+       /* Clear the view and redraw everything since the tree sorting
+        * might have rearranged things. */
+       bool redraw = view->lines == 0;
+       bool can_read = TRUE;
 
        if (!view->pipe)
                return TRUE;
 
-       /* Only redraw if lines are visible. */
-       if (view->offset + view->height >= view->lines)
-               redraw_from = view->lines - view->offset;
-
-       /* FIXME: This is probably not perfect for backgrounded views. */
-       if (!realloc_lines(view, view->lines + lines))
-               goto alloc_error;
-
-       while ((line = io_gets(view->pipe))) {
-               size_t linelen = strlen(line);
+       if (!io_can_read(view->pipe)) {
+               if (view->lines == 0) {
+                       time_t secs = time(NULL) - view->start_time;
 
-               if (linelen)
-                       line[linelen - 1] = 0;
+                       if (secs > view->update_secs) {
+                               if (view->update_secs == 0)
+                                       redraw_view(view);
+                               update_view_title(view);
+                               view->update_secs = secs;
+                       }
+               }
+               return TRUE;
+       }
 
+       for (; (line = io_get(view->pipe, '\n', can_read)); can_read = FALSE) {
                if (opt_iconv != ICONV_NONE) {
                        ICONV_CONST char *inbuf = line;
-                       size_t inlen = linelen;
+                       size_t inlen = strlen(line) + 1;
 
                        char *outbuf = out_buffer;
                        size_t outlen = sizeof(out_buffer);
@@ -2603,30 +2791,29 @@ update_view(struct view *view)
                        size_t ret;
 
                        ret = iconv(opt_iconv, &inbuf, &inlen, &outbuf, &outlen);
-                       if (ret != (size_t) -1) {
+                       if (ret != (size_t) -1)
                                line = out_buffer;
-                               linelen = strlen(out_buffer);
-                       }
                }
 
-               if (!view->ops->read(view, line))
-                       goto alloc_error;
-
-               if (lines-- == 1)
-                       break;
+               if (!view->ops->read(view, line)) {
+                       report("Allocation failure");
+                       end_update(view, TRUE);
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
        }
 
        {
+               unsigned long lines = view->lines;
                int digits;
 
-               lines = view->lines;
                for (digits = 0; lines; digits++)
                        lines /= 10;
 
                /* Keep the displayed view in sync with line number scaling. */
                if (digits != view->digits) {
                        view->digits = digits;
-                       redraw_from = 0;
+                       if (opt_line_number || view == VIEW(REQ_VIEW_BLAME))
+                               redraw = TRUE;
                }
        }
 
@@ -2639,53 +2826,36 @@ update_view(struct view *view)
                end_update(view, FALSE);
        }
 
+       if (restore_view_position(view))
+               redraw = TRUE;
+
        if (!view_is_displayed(view))
                return TRUE;
 
-       if (view == VIEW(REQ_VIEW_TREE)) {
-               /* Clear the view and redraw everything since the tree sorting
-                * might have rearranged things. */
-               redraw_view(view);
-
-       } else if (redraw_from >= 0) {
-               /* If this is an incremental update, redraw the previous line
-                * since for commits some members could have changed when
-                * loading the main view. */
-               if (redraw_from > 0)
-                       redraw_from--;
-
-               /* Since revision graph visualization requires knowledge
-                * about the parent commit, it causes a further one-off
-                * needed to be redrawn for incremental updates. */
-               if (redraw_from > 0 && opt_rev_graph)
-                       redraw_from--;
-
-               /* Incrementally draw avoids flickering. */
-               redraw_view_from(view, redraw_from);
-       }
-
-       if (view == VIEW(REQ_VIEW_BLAME))
+       if (redraw)
+               redraw_view_from(view, 0);
+       else
                redraw_view_dirty(view);
 
        /* Update the title _after_ the redraw so that if the redraw picks up a
         * commit reference in view->ref it'll be available here. */
        update_view_title(view);
        return TRUE;
-
-alloc_error:
-       report("Allocation failure");
-       end_update(view, TRUE);
-       return FALSE;
 }
 
 static struct line *
 add_line_data(struct view *view, void *data, enum line_type type)
 {
-       struct line *line = &view->line[view->lines++];
+       struct line *line;
+
+       if (!realloc_lines(view, view->lines + 1))
+               return NULL;
 
+       line = &view->line[view->lines++];
        memset(line, 0, sizeof(*line));
        line->type = type;
        line->data = data;
+       line->dirty = 1;
 
        return line;
 }
@@ -2698,6 +2868,19 @@ add_line_text(struct view *view, const char *text, enum line_type type)
        return data ? add_line_data(view, data, type) : NULL;
 }
 
+static struct line *
+add_line_format(struct view *view, enum line_type type, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+       char buf[SIZEOF_STR];
+       va_list args;
+
+       va_start(args, fmt);
+       if (vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, args) >= sizeof(buf))
+               buf[0] = 0;
+       va_end(args);
+
+       return buf[0] ? add_line_text(view, buf, type) : NULL;
+}
 
 /*
  * View opening
@@ -2710,6 +2893,7 @@ enum open_flags {
        OPEN_RELOAD = 4,        /* Reload view even if it is the current. */
        OPEN_NOMAXIMIZE = 8,    /* Do not maximize the current view. */
        OPEN_REFRESH = 16,      /* Refresh view using previous command. */
+       OPEN_PREPARED = 32,     /* Open already prepared command. */
 };
 
 static void
@@ -2717,7 +2901,7 @@ open_view(struct view *prev, enum request request, enum open_flags flags)
 {
        bool backgrounded = !!(flags & OPEN_BACKGROUNDED);
        bool split = !!(flags & OPEN_SPLIT);
-       bool reload = !!(flags & (OPEN_RELOAD | OPEN_REFRESH));
+       bool reload = !!(flags & (OPEN_RELOAD | OPEN_REFRESH | OPEN_PREPARED));
        bool nomaximize = !!(flags & (OPEN_NOMAXIMIZE | OPEN_REFRESH));
        struct view *view = VIEW(request);
        int nviews = displayed_views();
@@ -2750,17 +2934,17 @@ open_view(struct view *prev, enum request request, enum open_flags flags)
            (nviews == 1 && base_view != display[0]))
                resize_display();
 
-       if (view->pipe)
-               end_update(view, TRUE);
-
        if (view->ops->open) {
+               if (view->pipe)
+                       end_update(view, TRUE);
                if (!view->ops->open(view)) {
                        report("Failed to load %s view", view->name);
                        return;
                }
+               restore_view_position(view);
 
        } else if ((reload || strcmp(view->vid, view->id)) &&
-                  !begin_update(view, flags & OPEN_REFRESH)) {
+                  !begin_update(view, flags & (OPEN_REFRESH | OPEN_PREPARED))) {
                report("Failed to load %s view", view->name);
                return;
        }
@@ -2787,6 +2971,7 @@ open_view(struct view *prev, enum request request, enum open_flags flags)
                /* Clear the old view and let the incremental updating refill
                 * the screen. */
                werase(view->win);
+               view->p_restore = flags & (OPEN_RELOAD | OPEN_REFRESH);
                report("");
        } else if (view_is_displayed(view)) {
                redraw_view(view);
@@ -2799,48 +2984,31 @@ open_view(struct view *prev, enum request request, enum open_flags flags)
                update_view_title(view);
 }
 
-static bool
-run_confirm(const char *cmd, const char *prompt)
-{
-       bool confirmation = prompt_yesno(prompt);
-
-       if (confirmation)
-               system(cmd);
-
-       return confirmation;
-}
-
 static void
-open_external_viewer(const char *cmd)
+open_external_viewer(const char *argv[], const char *dir)
 {
        def_prog_mode();           /* save current tty modes */
        endwin();                  /* restore original tty modes */
-       system(cmd);
+       run_io_fg(argv, dir);
        fprintf(stderr, "Press Enter to continue");
        getc(opt_tty);
        reset_prog_mode();
-       redraw_display();
+       redraw_display(TRUE);
 }
 
 static void
 open_mergetool(const char *file)
 {
-       char cmd[SIZEOF_STR];
-       char file_sq[SIZEOF_STR];
+       const char *mergetool_argv[] = { "git", "mergetool", file, NULL };
 
-       if (sq_quote(file_sq, 0, file) < sizeof(file_sq) &&
-           string_format(cmd, "git mergetool %s", file_sq)) {
-               open_external_viewer(cmd);
-       }
+       open_external_viewer(mergetool_argv, opt_cdup);
 }
 
 static void
 open_editor(bool from_root, const char *file)
 {
-       char cmd[SIZEOF_STR];
-       char file_sq[SIZEOF_STR];
+       const char *editor_argv[] = { "vi", file, NULL };
        const char *editor;
-       char *prefix = from_root ? opt_cdup : "";
 
        editor = getenv("GIT_EDITOR");
        if (!editor && *opt_editor)
@@ -2852,25 +3020,24 @@ open_editor(bool from_root, const char *file)
        if (!editor)
                editor = "vi";
 
-       if (sq_quote(file_sq, 0, file) < sizeof(file_sq) &&
-           string_format(cmd, "%s %s%s", editor, prefix, file_sq)) {
-               open_external_viewer(cmd);
-       }
+       editor_argv[0] = editor;
+       open_external_viewer(editor_argv, from_root ? opt_cdup : NULL);
 }
 
 static void
 open_run_request(enum request request)
 {
        struct run_request *req = get_run_request(request);
-       char buf[SIZEOF_STR * 2];
+       const char *argv[ARRAY_SIZE(req->argv)] = { NULL };
 
        if (!req) {
                report("Unknown run request");
                return;
        }
 
-       if (format_command(buf, req->argv, FORMAT_ALL))
-               open_external_viewer(buf);
+       if (format_argv(argv, req->argv, FORMAT_ALL))
+               open_external_viewer(argv, NULL);
+       free_argv(argv);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2941,7 +3108,7 @@ view_driver(struct view *view, enum request request)
                break;
 
        case REQ_VIEW_PAGER:
-               if (!opt_pipe && !VIEW(REQ_VIEW_PAGER)->lines) {
+               if (!VIEW(REQ_VIEW_PAGER)->pipe && !VIEW(REQ_VIEW_PAGER)->lines) {
                        report("No pager content, press %s to run command from prompt",
                               get_key(REQ_PROMPT));
                        break;
@@ -3028,28 +3195,23 @@ view_driver(struct view *view, enum request request)
                break;
 
        case REQ_TOGGLE_LINENO:
-               opt_line_number = !opt_line_number;
-               redraw_display();
+               toggle_view_option(&opt_line_number, "line numbers");
                break;
 
        case REQ_TOGGLE_DATE:
-               opt_date = !opt_date;
-               redraw_display();
+               toggle_view_option(&opt_date, "date display");
                break;
 
        case REQ_TOGGLE_AUTHOR:
-               opt_author = !opt_author;
-               redraw_display();
+               toggle_view_option(&opt_author, "author display");
                break;
 
        case REQ_TOGGLE_REV_GRAPH:
-               opt_rev_graph = !opt_rev_graph;
-               redraw_display();
+               toggle_view_option(&opt_rev_graph, "revision graph display");
                break;
 
        case REQ_TOGGLE_REFS:
-               opt_show_refs = !opt_show_refs;
-               redraw_display();
+               toggle_view_option(&opt_show_refs, "reference display");
                break;
 
        case REQ_SEARCH:
@@ -3075,11 +3237,8 @@ view_driver(struct view *view, enum request request)
                report("tig-%s (built %s)", TIG_VERSION, __DATE__);
                return TRUE;
 
-       case REQ_SCREEN_RESIZE:
-               resize_display();
-               /* Fall-through */
        case REQ_SCREEN_REDRAW:
-               redraw_display();
+               redraw_display(TRUE);
                break;
 
        case REQ_EDIT:
@@ -3101,7 +3260,7 @@ view_driver(struct view *view, enum request request)
                        display[current_view] = view->parent;
                        view->parent = view;
                        resize_display();
-                       redraw_display();
+                       redraw_display(FALSE);
                        report("");
                        break;
                }
@@ -3119,7 +3278,57 @@ view_driver(struct view *view, enum request request)
 
 
 /*
- * Pager backend
+ * View backend utilities
+ */
+
+/* Parse author lines where the name may be empty:
+ *     author  <email@address.tld> 1138474660 +0100
+ */
+static void
+parse_author_line(char *ident, char *author, size_t authorsize, struct tm *tm)
+{
+       char *nameend = strchr(ident, '<');
+       char *emailend = strchr(ident, '>');
+
+       if (nameend && emailend)
+               *nameend = *emailend = 0;
+       ident = chomp_string(ident);
+       if (!*ident) {
+               if (nameend)
+                       ident = chomp_string(nameend + 1);
+               if (!*ident)
+                       ident = "Unknown";
+       }
+
+       string_ncopy_do(author, authorsize, ident, strlen(ident));
+
+       /* Parse epoch and timezone */
+       if (emailend && emailend[1] == ' ') {
+               char *secs = emailend + 2;
+               char *zone = strchr(secs, ' ');
+               time_t time = (time_t) atol(secs);
+
+               if (zone && strlen(zone) == STRING_SIZE(" +0700")) {
+                       long tz;
+
+                       zone++;
+                       tz  = ('0' - zone[1]) * 60 * 60 * 10;
+                       tz += ('0' - zone[2]) * 60 * 60;
+                       tz += ('0' - zone[3]) * 60;
+                       tz += ('0' - zone[4]) * 60;
+
+                       if (zone[0] == '-')
+                               tz = -tz;
+
+                       time -= tz;
+               }
+
+               gmtime_r(&time, tm);
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Pager backend
  */
 
 static bool
@@ -3137,20 +3346,12 @@ pager_draw(struct view *view, struct line *line, unsigned int lineno)
 static bool
 add_describe_ref(char *buf, size_t *bufpos, const char *commit_id, const char *sep)
 {
+       const char *describe_argv[] = { "git", "describe", commit_id, NULL };
        char refbuf[SIZEOF_STR];
        char *ref = NULL;
-       FILE *pipe;
-
-       if (!string_format(refbuf, "git describe %s 2>/dev/null", commit_id))
-               return TRUE;
-
-       pipe = popen(refbuf, "r");
-       if (!pipe)
-               return TRUE;
 
-       if ((ref = fgets(refbuf, sizeof(refbuf), pipe)))
-               ref = chomp_string(ref);
-       pclose(pipe);
+       if (run_io_buf(describe_argv, refbuf, sizeof(refbuf)))
+               ref = chomp_string(refbuf);
 
        if (!ref || !*ref)
                return TRUE;
@@ -3203,9 +3404,6 @@ try_add_describe_ref:
        if (bufpos == 0)
                return;
 
-       if (!realloc_lines(view, view->line_size + 1))
-               return;
-
        add_line_text(view, buf, LINE_PP_REFS);
 }
 
@@ -3288,6 +3486,7 @@ pager_select(struct view *view, struct line *line)
 static struct view_ops pager_ops = {
        "line",
        NULL,
+       NULL,
        pager_read,
        pager_draw,
        pager_request,
@@ -3295,6 +3494,10 @@ static struct view_ops pager_ops = {
        pager_select,
 };
 
+static const char *log_argv[SIZEOF_ARG] = {
+       "git", "log", "--no-color", "--cc", "--stat", "-n100", "%(head)", NULL
+};
+
 static enum request
 log_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
 {
@@ -3310,6 +3513,7 @@ log_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
 
 static struct view_ops log_ops = {
        "line",
+       log_argv,
        NULL,
        pager_read,
        pager_draw,
@@ -3318,6 +3522,21 @@ static struct view_ops log_ops = {
        pager_select,
 };
 
+static const char *diff_argv[SIZEOF_ARG] = {
+       "git", "show", "--pretty=fuller", "--no-color", "--root",
+               "--patch-with-stat", "--find-copies-harder", "-C", "%(commit)", NULL
+};
+
+static struct view_ops diff_ops = {
+       "line",
+       diff_argv,
+       NULL,
+       pager_read,
+       pager_draw,
+       pager_request,
+       pager_grep,
+       pager_select,
+};
 
 /*
  * Help backend
@@ -3326,7 +3545,6 @@ static struct view_ops log_ops = {
 static bool
 help_open(struct view *view)
 {
-       char buf[BUFSIZ];
        int lines = ARRAY_SIZE(req_info) + 2;
        int i;
 
@@ -3361,10 +3579,8 @@ help_open(struct view *view)
                if (!*key)
                        key = "(no key defined)";
 
-               if (!string_format(buf, "    %-25s %s", key, req_info[i].help))
-                       continue;
-
-               add_line_text(view, buf, LINE_DEFAULT);
+               add_line_format(view, LINE_DEFAULT, "    %-25s %s",
+                               key, req_info[i].help);
        }
 
        if (run_requests) {
@@ -3391,11 +3607,8 @@ help_open(struct view *view)
                                                argc ? " " : "", req->argv[argc]))
                                return REQ_NONE;
 
-               if (!string_format(buf, "    %-10s %-14s `%s`",
-                                  keymap_table[req->keymap].name, key, cmd))
-                       continue;
-
-               add_line_text(view, buf, LINE_DEFAULT);
+               add_line_format(view, LINE_DEFAULT, "    %-10s %-14s `%s`",
+                               keymap_table[req->keymap].name, key, cmd);
        }
 
        return TRUE;
@@ -3403,6 +3616,7 @@ help_open(struct view *view)
 
 static struct view_ops help_ops = {
        "line",
+       NULL,
        help_open,
        NULL,
        pager_draw,
@@ -3471,101 +3685,180 @@ push_tree_stack_entry(const char *name, unsigned long lineno)
 #define SIZEOF_TREE_ATTR \
        STRING_SIZE("100644 blob ed09fe897f3c7c9af90bcf80cae92558ea88ae38\t")
 
-#define TREE_UP_FORMAT "040000 tree %s\t.."
+#define SIZEOF_TREE_MODE \
+       STRING_SIZE("100644 ")
 
-static int
-tree_compare_entry(enum line_type type1, const char *name1,
-                  enum line_type type2, const char *name2)
-{
-       if (type1 != type2) {
-               if (type1 == LINE_TREE_DIR)
-                       return -1;
-               return 1;
-       }
+#define TREE_ID_OFFSET \
+       STRING_SIZE("100644 blob ")
 
-       return strcmp(name1, name2);
-}
+struct tree_entry {
+       char id[SIZEOF_REV];
+       mode_t mode;
+       struct tm time;                 /* Date from the author ident. */
+       char author[75];                /* Author of the commit. */
+       char name[1];
+};
 
 static const char *
 tree_path(struct line *line)
 {
-       const char *path = line->data;
+       return ((struct tree_entry *) line->data)->name;
+}
+
 
-       return path + SIZEOF_TREE_ATTR;
+static int
+tree_compare_entry(struct line *line1, struct line *line2)
+{
+       if (line1->type != line2->type)
+               return line1->type == LINE_TREE_DIR ? -1 : 1;
+       return strcmp(tree_path(line1), tree_path(line2));
+}
+
+static struct line *
+tree_entry(struct view *view, enum line_type type, const char *path,
+          const char *mode, const char *id)
+{
+       struct tree_entry *entry = calloc(1, sizeof(*entry) + strlen(path));
+       struct line *line = entry ? add_line_data(view, entry, type) : NULL;
+
+       if (!entry || !line) {
+               free(entry);
+               return NULL;
+       }
+
+       strncpy(entry->name, path, strlen(path));
+       if (mode)
+               entry->mode = strtoul(mode, NULL, 8);
+       if (id)
+               string_copy_rev(entry->id, id);
+
+       return line;
 }
 
 static bool
-tree_read(struct view *view, char *text)
+tree_read_date(struct view *view, char *text, bool *read_date)
 {
-       size_t textlen = text ? strlen(text) : 0;
-       char buf[SIZEOF_STR];
-       unsigned long pos;
-       enum line_type type;
-       bool first_read = view->lines == 0;
+       static char author_name[SIZEOF_STR];
+       static struct tm author_time;
 
-       if (!text)
+       if (!text && *read_date) {
+               *read_date = FALSE;
                return TRUE;
-       if (textlen <= SIZEOF_TREE_ATTR)
+
+       } else if (!text) {
+               char *path = *opt_path ? opt_path : ".";
+               /* Find next entry to process */
+               const char *log_file[] = {
+                       "git", "log", "--no-color", "--pretty=raw",
+                               "--cc", "--raw", view->id, "--", path, NULL
+               };
+               struct io io = {};
+
+               if (!run_io_rd(&io, log_file, FORMAT_NONE)) {
+                       report("Failed to load tree data");
+                       return TRUE;
+               }
+
+               done_io(view->pipe);
+               view->io = io;
+               *read_date = TRUE;
                return FALSE;
 
-       type = text[STRING_SIZE("100644 ")] == 't'
-            ? LINE_TREE_DIR : LINE_TREE_FILE;
+       } else if (*text == 'a' && get_line_type(text) == LINE_AUTHOR) {
+               parse_author_line(text + STRING_SIZE("author "),
+                                 author_name, sizeof(author_name), &author_time);
 
-       if (first_read) {
-               /* Add path info line */
-               if (!string_format(buf, "Directory path /%s", opt_path) ||
-                   !realloc_lines(view, view->line_size + 1) ||
-                   !add_line_text(view, buf, LINE_DEFAULT))
-                       return FALSE;
+       } else if (*text == ':') {
+               char *pos;
+               size_t annotated = 1;
+               size_t i;
 
-               /* Insert "link" to parent directory. */
-               if (*opt_path) {
-                       if (!string_format(buf, TREE_UP_FORMAT, view->ref) ||
-                           !realloc_lines(view, view->line_size + 1) ||
-                           !add_line_text(view, buf, LINE_TREE_DIR))
-                               return FALSE;
+               pos = strchr(text, '\t');
+               if (!pos)
+                       return TRUE;
+               text = pos + 1;
+               if (*opt_prefix && !strncmp(text, opt_prefix, strlen(opt_prefix)))
+                       text += strlen(opt_prefix);
+               if (*opt_path && !strncmp(text, opt_path, strlen(opt_path)))
+                       text += strlen(opt_path);
+               pos = strchr(text, '/');
+               if (pos)
+                       *pos = 0;
+
+               for (i = 1; i < view->lines; i++) {
+                       struct line *line = &view->line[i];
+                       struct tree_entry *entry = line->data;
+
+                       annotated += !!*entry->author;
+                       if (*entry->author || strcmp(entry->name, text))
+                               continue;
+
+                       string_copy(entry->author, author_name);
+                       memcpy(&entry->time, &author_time, sizeof(entry->time));
+                       line->dirty = 1;
+                       break;
                }
+
+               if (annotated == view->lines)
+                       kill_io(view->pipe);
        }
+       return TRUE;
+}
+
+static bool
+tree_read(struct view *view, char *text)
+{
+       static bool read_date = FALSE;
+       struct tree_entry *data;
+       struct line *entry, *line;
+       enum line_type type;
+       size_t textlen = text ? strlen(text) : 0;
+       char *path = text + SIZEOF_TREE_ATTR;
+
+       if (read_date || !text)
+               return tree_read_date(view, text, &read_date);
+
+       if (textlen <= SIZEOF_TREE_ATTR)
+               return FALSE;
+       if (view->lines == 0 &&
+           !tree_entry(view, LINE_TREE_PARENT, opt_path, NULL, NULL))
+               return FALSE;
 
        /* Strip the path part ... */
        if (*opt_path) {
                size_t pathlen = textlen - SIZEOF_TREE_ATTR;
                size_t striplen = strlen(opt_path);
-               char *path = text + SIZEOF_TREE_ATTR;
 
                if (pathlen > striplen)
                        memmove(path, path + striplen,
                                pathlen - striplen + 1);
+
+               /* Insert "link" to parent directory. */
+               if (view->lines == 1 &&
+                   !tree_entry(view, LINE_TREE_DIR, "..", "040000", view->ref))
+                       return FALSE;
        }
 
-       /* Skip "Directory ..." and ".." line. */
-       for (pos = 1 + !!*opt_path; pos < view->lines; pos++) {
-               struct line *line = &view->line[pos];
-               const char *path1 = tree_path(line);
-               char *path2 = text + SIZEOF_TREE_ATTR;
-               int cmp = tree_compare_entry(line->type, path1, type, path2);
+       type = text[SIZEOF_TREE_MODE] == 't' ? LINE_TREE_DIR : LINE_TREE_FILE;
+       entry = tree_entry(view, type, path, text, text + TREE_ID_OFFSET);
+       if (!entry)
+               return FALSE;
+       data = entry->data;
 
-               if (cmp <= 0)
+       /* Skip "Directory ..." and ".." line. */
+       for (line = &view->line[1 + !!*opt_path]; line < entry; line++) {
+               if (tree_compare_entry(line, entry) <= 0)
                        continue;
 
-               text = strdup(text);
-               if (!text)
-                       return FALSE;
-
-               if (view->lines > pos)
-                       memmove(&view->line[pos + 1], &view->line[pos],
-                               (view->lines - pos) * sizeof(*line));
+               memmove(line + 1, line, (entry - line) * sizeof(*entry));
 
-               line = &view->line[pos];
-               line->data = text;
+               line->data = data;
                line->type = type;
-               view->lines++;
+               for (; line <= entry; line++)
+                       line->dirty = line->cleareol = 1;
                return TRUE;
        }
 
-       if (!add_line_text(view, text, type))
-               return FALSE;
-
        if (tree_lineno > view->lineno) {
                view->lineno = tree_lineno;
                tree_lineno = 0;
@@ -3574,6 +3867,62 @@ tree_read(struct view *view, char *text)
        return TRUE;
 }
 
+static bool
+tree_draw(struct view *view, struct line *line, unsigned int lineno)
+{
+       struct tree_entry *entry = line->data;
+
+       if (line->type == LINE_TREE_PARENT) {
+               if (draw_text(view, line->type, "Directory path /", TRUE))
+                       return TRUE;
+       } else {
+               char mode[11] = "-r--r--r--";
+
+               if (S_ISDIR(entry->mode)) {
+                       mode[3] = mode[6] = mode[9] = 'x';
+                       mode[0] = 'd';
+               }
+               if (S_ISLNK(entry->mode))
+                       mode[0] = 'l';
+               if (entry->mode & S_IWUSR)
+                       mode[2] = 'w';
+               if (entry->mode & S_IXUSR)
+                       mode[3] = 'x';
+               if (entry->mode & S_IXGRP)
+                       mode[6] = 'x';
+               if (entry->mode & S_IXOTH)
+                       mode[9] = 'x';
+               if (draw_field(view, LINE_TREE_MODE, mode, 11, TRUE))
+                       return TRUE;
+
+               if (opt_author &&
+                   draw_field(view, LINE_MAIN_AUTHOR, entry->author, opt_author_cols, TRUE))
+                       return TRUE;
+
+               if (opt_date && draw_date(view, *entry->author ? &entry->time : NULL))
+                       return TRUE;
+       }
+       if (draw_text(view, line->type, entry->name, TRUE))
+               return TRUE;
+       return TRUE;
+}
+
+static void
+open_blob_editor()
+{
+       char file[SIZEOF_STR] = "/tmp/tigblob.XXXXXX";
+       int fd = mkstemp(file);
+
+       if (fd == -1)
+               report("Failed to create temporary file");
+       else if (!run_io_append(blob_ops.argv, FORMAT_ALL, fd))
+               report("Failed to save blob data to file");
+       else
+               open_editor(FALSE, file);
+       if (fd != -1)
+               unlink(file);
+}
+
 static enum request
 tree_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
 {
@@ -3593,13 +3942,13 @@ tree_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
                if (line->type != LINE_TREE_FILE) {
                        report("Edit only supported for files");
                } else if (!is_head_commit(view->vid)) {
-                       report("Edit only supported for files in the current work tree");
+                       open_blob_editor();
                } else {
                        open_editor(TRUE, opt_file);
                }
                return REQ_NONE;
 
-       case REQ_TREE_PARENT:
+       case REQ_PARENT:
                if (!*opt_path) {
                        /* quit view if at top of tree */
                        return REQ_VIEW_CLOSE;
@@ -3644,13 +3993,12 @@ tree_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
                break;
 
        default:
-               return TRUE;
+               return REQ_NONE;
        }
 
        open_view(view, request, flags);
-       if (request == REQ_VIEW_TREE) {
+       if (request == REQ_VIEW_TREE)
                view->lineno = tree_lineno;
-       }
 
        return REQ_NONE;
 }
@@ -3658,24 +4006,29 @@ tree_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
 static void
 tree_select(struct view *view, struct line *line)
 {
-       char *text = (char *)line->data + STRING_SIZE("100644 blob ");
+       struct tree_entry *entry = line->data;
 
        if (line->type == LINE_TREE_FILE) {
-               string_copy_rev(ref_blob, text);
+               string_copy_rev(ref_blob, entry->id);
                string_format(opt_file, "%s%s", opt_path, tree_path(line));
 
        } else if (line->type != LINE_TREE_DIR) {
                return;
        }
 
-       string_copy_rev(view->ref, text);
+       string_copy_rev(view->ref, entry->id);
 }
 
+static const char *tree_argv[SIZEOF_ARG] = {
+       "git", "ls-tree", "%(commit)", "%(directory)", NULL
+};
+
 static struct view_ops tree_ops = {
        "file",
+       tree_argv,
        NULL,
        tree_read,
-       pager_draw,
+       tree_draw,
        tree_request,
        pager_grep,
        tree_select,
@@ -3689,12 +4042,29 @@ blob_read(struct view *view, char *line)
        return add_line_text(view, line, LINE_DEFAULT) != NULL;
 }
 
+static enum request
+blob_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
+{
+       switch (request) {
+       case REQ_EDIT:
+               open_blob_editor();
+               return REQ_NONE;
+       default:
+               return pager_request(view, request, line);
+       }
+}
+
+static const char *blob_argv[SIZEOF_ARG] = {
+       "git", "cat-file", "blob", "%(blob)", NULL
+};
+
 static struct view_ops blob_ops = {
        "line",
+       blob_argv,
        NULL,
        blob_read,
        pager_draw,
-       pager_request,
+       blob_request,
        pager_grep,
        pager_select,
 };
@@ -3710,12 +4080,25 @@ static struct view_ops blob_ops = {
  *     reading output from git-blame.
  */
 
+static const char *blame_head_argv[] = {
+       "git", "blame", "--incremental", "--", "%(file)", NULL
+};
+
+static const char *blame_ref_argv[] = {
+       "git", "blame", "--incremental", "%(ref)", "--", "%(file)", NULL
+};
+
+static const char *blame_cat_file_argv[] = {
+       "git", "cat-file", "blob", "%(ref):%(file)", NULL
+};
+
 struct blame_commit {
        char id[SIZEOF_REV];            /* SHA1 ID. */
        char title[128];                /* First line of the commit message. */
        char author[75];                /* Author of the commit. */
        struct tm time;                 /* Date from the author ident. */
        char filename[128];             /* Name of file. */
+       bool has_previous;              /* Was a "previous" line detected. */
 };
 
 struct blame {
@@ -3723,25 +4106,11 @@ struct blame {
        char text[1];
 };
 
-#define BLAME_CAT_FILE_CMD "git cat-file blob %s:%s"
-#define BLAME_INCREMENTAL_CMD "git blame --incremental %s -- %s"
-
 static bool
 blame_open(struct view *view)
 {
-       char path[SIZEOF_STR];
-       char ref[SIZEOF_STR] = "";
-
-       if (sq_quote(path, 0, opt_file) >= sizeof(path))
-               return FALSE;
-
-       if (*opt_ref && sq_quote(ref, 0, opt_ref) >= sizeof(ref))
-               return FALSE;
-
-       if (*opt_ref || !init_io_fd(&view->io, fopen(opt_file, "r"))) {
-               const char *id = *opt_ref ? ref : "HEAD";
-
-               if (!run_io_format(&view->io, BLAME_CAT_FILE_CMD, id, path))
+       if (*opt_ref || !io_open(&view->io, opt_file)) {
+               if (!run_io_rd(&view->io, blame_cat_file_argv, FORMAT_ALL))
                        return FALSE;
        }
 
@@ -3828,17 +4197,13 @@ static bool
 blame_read_file(struct view *view, const char *line, bool *read_file)
 {
        if (!line) {
-               char ref[SIZEOF_STR] = "";
-               char path[SIZEOF_STR];
+               const char **argv = *opt_ref ? blame_ref_argv : blame_head_argv;
                struct io io = {};
 
                if (view->lines == 0 && !view->parent)
                        die("No blame exist for %s", view->vid);
 
-               if (view->lines == 0 ||
-                   sq_quote(path, 0, opt_file) >= sizeof(path) ||
-                   (*opt_ref && sq_quote(ref, 0, opt_ref) >= sizeof(ref)) ||
-                   !run_io_format(&io, BLAME_INCREMENTAL_CMD, ref, path)) {
+               if (view->lines == 0 || !run_io_rd(&io, argv, FORMAT_ALL)) {
                        report("Failed to load blame data");
                        return TRUE;
                }
@@ -3898,7 +4263,7 @@ blame_read(struct view *view, char *line)
        if (!commit) {
                commit = parse_blame_commit(view, line, &blamed);
                string_format(view->ref, "%s %2d%%", view->vid,
-                             blamed * 100 / view->lines);
+                             view->lines ? blamed * 100 / view->lines : 0);
 
        } else if (match_blame_header("author ", &line)) {
                string_ncopy(commit->author, line, strlen(line));
@@ -3923,6 +4288,9 @@ blame_read(struct view *view, char *line)
        } else if (match_blame_header("summary ", &line)) {
                string_ncopy(commit->title, line, strlen(line));
 
+       } else if (match_blame_header("previous ", &line)) {
+               commit->has_previous = TRUE;
+
        } else if (match_blame_header("filename ", &line)) {
                string_ncopy(commit->filename, line, strlen(line));
                commit = NULL;
@@ -3961,6 +4329,18 @@ blame_draw(struct view *view, struct line *line, unsigned int lineno)
        return TRUE;
 }
 
+static bool
+check_blame_commit(struct blame *blame)
+{
+       if (!blame->commit)
+               report("Commit data not loaded yet");
+       else if (!strcmp(blame->commit->id, NULL_ID))
+               report("No commit exist for the selected line");
+       else
+               return TRUE;
+       return FALSE;
+}
+
 static enum request
 blame_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
 {
@@ -3969,13 +4349,11 @@ blame_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
 
        switch (request) {
        case REQ_VIEW_BLAME:
-               if (!blame->commit || !strcmp(blame->commit->id, NULL_ID)) {
-                       report("Commit ID unknown");
-                       break;
+               if (check_blame_commit(blame)) {
+                       string_copy(opt_ref, blame->commit->id);
+                       open_view(view, REQ_VIEW_BLAME, OPEN_REFRESH);
                }
-               string_copy(opt_ref, blame->commit->id);
-               open_view(view, REQ_VIEW_BLAME, OPEN_REFRESH);
-               return request;
+               break;
 
        case REQ_ENTER:
                if (!blame->commit) {
@@ -3988,14 +4366,29 @@ blame_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
                        break;
 
                if (!strcmp(blame->commit->id, NULL_ID)) {
-                       char path[SIZEOF_STR];
+                       struct view *diff = VIEW(REQ_VIEW_DIFF);
+                       const char *diff_index_argv[] = {
+                               "git", "diff-index", "--root", "--patch-with-stat",
+                                       "-C", "-M", "HEAD", "--", view->vid, NULL
+                       };
+
+                       if (!blame->commit->has_previous) {
+                               diff_index_argv[1] = "diff";
+                               diff_index_argv[2] = "--no-color";
+                               diff_index_argv[6] = "--";
+                               diff_index_argv[7] = "/dev/null";
+                       }
 
-                       if (sq_quote(path, 0, view->vid) >= sizeof(path))
+                       if (!prepare_update(diff, diff_index_argv, NULL, FORMAT_DASH)) {
+                               report("Failed to allocate diff command");
                                break;
-                       string_format(opt_cmd, "git diff-index --root --patch-with-stat -C -M --cached HEAD -- %s 2>/dev/null", path);
+                       }
+                       flags |= OPEN_PREPARED;
                }
 
                open_view(view, REQ_VIEW_DIFF, flags);
+               if (VIEW(REQ_VIEW_DIFF)->pipe && !strcmp(blame->commit->id, NULL_ID))
+                       string_copy_rev(VIEW(REQ_VIEW_DIFF)->ref, NULL_ID);
                break;
 
        default:
@@ -4050,6 +4443,7 @@ blame_select(struct view *view, struct line *line)
 
 static struct view_ops blame_ops = {
        "line",
+       NULL,
        blame_open,
        blame_read,
        blame_draw,
@@ -4101,7 +4495,7 @@ status_get_diff(struct status *file, const char *buf, size_t bufsize)
        const char *new_rev  = buf + 56;
        const char *status   = buf + 97;
 
-       if (bufsize < 99 ||
+       if (bufsize < 98 ||
            old_mode[-1] != ':' ||
            new_mode[-1] != ' ' ||
            old_rev[-1]  != ' ' ||
@@ -4123,135 +4517,136 @@ status_get_diff(struct status *file, const char *buf, size_t bufsize)
 }
 
 static bool
-status_run(struct view *view, const char cmd[], char status, enum line_type type)
+status_run(struct view *view, const char *argv[], char status, enum line_type type)
 {
        struct status *file = NULL;
        struct status *unmerged = NULL;
-       char buf[SIZEOF_STR * 4];
-       size_t bufsize = 0;
-       FILE *pipe;
+       char *buf;
+       struct io io = {};
 
-       pipe = popen(cmd, "r");
-       if (!pipe)
+       if (!run_io(&io, argv, NULL, IO_RD))
                return FALSE;
 
        add_line_data(view, NULL, type);
 
-       while (!feof(pipe) && !ferror(pipe)) {
-               char *sep;
-               size_t readsize;
+       while ((buf = io_get(&io, 0, TRUE))) {
+               if (!file) {
+                       file = calloc(1, sizeof(*file));
+                       if (!file || !add_line_data(view, file, type))
+                               goto error_out;
+               }
 
-               readsize = fread(buf + bufsize, 1, sizeof(buf) - bufsize, pipe);
-               if (!readsize)
-                       break;
-               bufsize += readsize;
+               /* Parse diff info part. */
+               if (status) {
+                       file->status = status;
+                       if (status == 'A')
+                               string_copy(file->old.rev, NULL_ID);
 
-               /* Process while we have NUL chars. */
-               while ((sep = memchr(buf, 0, bufsize))) {
-                       size_t sepsize = sep - buf + 1;
+               } else if (!file->status) {
+                       if (!status_get_diff(file, buf, strlen(buf)))
+                               goto error_out;
 
-                       if (!file) {
-                               if (!realloc_lines(view, view->line_size + 1))
-                                       goto error_out;
+                       buf = io_get(&io, 0, TRUE);
+                       if (!buf)
+                               break;
 
-                               file = calloc(1, sizeof(*file));
-                               if (!file)
-                                       goto error_out;
+                       /* Collapse all 'M'odified entries that follow a
+                        * associated 'U'nmerged entry. */
+                       if (file->status == 'U') {
+                               unmerged = file;
 
-                               add_line_data(view, file, type);
-                       }
+                       } else if (unmerged) {
+                               int collapse = !strcmp(buf, unmerged->new.name);
 
-                       /* Parse diff info part. */
-                       if (status) {
-                               file->status = status;
-                               if (status == 'A')
-                                       string_copy(file->old.rev, NULL_ID);
-
-                       } else if (!file->status) {
-                               if (!status_get_diff(file, buf, sepsize))
-                                       goto error_out;
-
-                               bufsize -= sepsize;
-                               memmove(buf, sep + 1, bufsize);
-
-                               sep = memchr(buf, 0, bufsize);
-                               if (!sep)
-                                       break;
-                               sepsize = sep - buf + 1;
-
-                               /* Collapse all 'M'odified entries that
-                                * follow a associated 'U'nmerged entry.
-                                */
-                               if (file->status == 'U') {
-                                       unmerged = file;
-
-                               } else if (unmerged) {
-                                       int collapse = !strcmp(buf, unmerged->new.name);
-
-                                       unmerged = NULL;
-                                       if (collapse) {
-                                               free(file);
-                                               view->lines--;
-                                               continue;
-                                       }
+                               unmerged = NULL;
+                               if (collapse) {
+                                       free(file);
+                                       file = NULL;
+                                       view->lines--;
+                                       continue;
                                }
                        }
+               }
 
-                       /* Grab the old name for rename/copy. */
-                       if (!*file->old.name &&
-                           (file->status == 'R' || file->status == 'C')) {
-                               sepsize = sep - buf + 1;
-                               string_ncopy(file->old.name, buf, sepsize);
-                               bufsize -= sepsize;
-                               memmove(buf, sep + 1, bufsize);
-
-                               sep = memchr(buf, 0, bufsize);
-                               if (!sep)
-                                       break;
-                               sepsize = sep - buf + 1;
-                       }
+               /* Grab the old name for rename/copy. */
+               if (!*file->old.name &&
+                   (file->status == 'R' || file->status == 'C')) {
+                       string_ncopy(file->old.name, buf, strlen(buf));
 
-                       /* git-ls-files just delivers a NUL separated
-                        * list of file names similar to the second half
-                        * of the git-diff-* output. */
-                       string_ncopy(file->new.name, buf, sepsize);
-                       if (!*file->old.name)
-                               string_copy(file->old.name, file->new.name);
-                       bufsize -= sepsize;
-                       memmove(buf, sep + 1, bufsize);
-                       file = NULL;
+                       buf = io_get(&io, 0, TRUE);
+                       if (!buf)
+                               break;
                }
+
+               /* git-ls-files just delivers a NUL separated list of
+                * file names similar to the second half of the
+                * git-diff-* output. */
+               string_ncopy(file->new.name, buf, strlen(buf));
+               if (!*file->old.name)
+                       string_copy(file->old.name, file->new.name);
+               file = NULL;
        }
 
-       if (ferror(pipe)) {
+       if (io_error(&io)) {
 error_out:
-               pclose(pipe);
+               done_io(&io);
                return FALSE;
        }
 
        if (!view->line[view->lines - 1].data)
                add_line_data(view, NULL, LINE_STAT_NONE);
 
-       pclose(pipe);
+       done_io(&io);
        return TRUE;
 }
 
 /* Don't show unmerged entries in the staged section. */
-#define STATUS_DIFF_INDEX_CMD "git diff-index -z --diff-filter=ACDMRTXB --cached -M HEAD"
-#define STATUS_DIFF_FILES_CMD "git diff-files -z"
-#define STATUS_LIST_OTHER_CMD \
-       "git ls-files -z --others --exclude-standard"
-#define STATUS_LIST_NO_HEAD_CMD \
-       "git ls-files -z --cached --exclude-standard"
+static const char *status_diff_index_argv[] = {
+       "git", "diff-index", "-z", "--diff-filter=ACDMRTXB",
+                            "--cached", "-M", "HEAD", NULL
+};
+
+static const char *status_diff_files_argv[] = {
+       "git", "diff-files", "-z", NULL
+};
+
+static const char *status_list_other_argv[] = {
+       "git", "ls-files", "-z", "--others", "--exclude-standard", NULL
+};
 
-#define STATUS_DIFF_INDEX_SHOW_CMD \
-       "git diff-index --root --patch-with-stat -C -M --cached HEAD -- %s %s 2>/dev/null"
+static const char *status_list_no_head_argv[] = {
+       "git", "ls-files", "-z", "--cached", "--exclude-standard", NULL
+};
 
-#define STATUS_DIFF_FILES_SHOW_CMD \
-       "git diff-files --root --patch-with-stat -C -M -- %s %s 2>/dev/null"
+static const char *update_index_argv[] = {
+       "git", "update-index", "-q", "--unmerged", "--refresh", NULL
+};
 
-#define STATUS_DIFF_NO_HEAD_SHOW_CMD \
-       "git diff --no-color --patch-with-stat /dev/null %s 2>/dev/null"
+/* Restore the previous line number to stay in the context or select a
+ * line with something that can be updated. */
+static void
+status_restore(struct view *view)
+{
+       if (view->p_lineno >= view->lines)
+               view->p_lineno = view->lines - 1;
+       while (view->p_lineno < view->lines && !view->line[view->p_lineno].data)
+               view->p_lineno++;
+       while (view->p_lineno > 0 && !view->line[view->p_lineno].data)
+               view->p_lineno--;
+
+       /* If the above fails, always skip the "On branch" line. */
+       if (view->p_lineno < view->lines)
+               view->lineno = view->p_lineno;
+       else
+               view->lineno = 1;
+
+       if (view->lineno < view->offset)
+               view->offset = view->lineno;
+       else if (view->offset + view->height <= view->lineno)
+               view->offset = view->lineno - view->height + 1;
+
+       view->p_restore = FALSE;
+}
 
 /* First parse staged info using git-diff-index(1), then parse unstaged
  * info using git-diff-files(1), and finally untracked files using
@@ -4259,13 +4654,8 @@ error_out:
 static bool
 status_open(struct view *view)
 {
-       unsigned long prev_lineno = view->lineno;
-
        reset_view(view);
 
-       if (!realloc_lines(view, view->line_size + 7))
-               return FALSE;
-
        add_line_data(view, NULL, LINE_STAT_HEAD);
        if (is_initial_commit())
                string_copy(status_onbranch, "Initial commit");
@@ -4274,40 +4664,23 @@ status_open(struct view *view)
        else if (!string_format(status_onbranch, "On branch %s", opt_head))
                return FALSE;
 
-       system("git update-index -q --refresh >/dev/null 2>/dev/null");
+       run_io_bg(update_index_argv);
 
        if (is_initial_commit()) {
-               if (!status_run(view, STATUS_LIST_NO_HEAD_CMD, 'A', LINE_STAT_STAGED))
+               if (!status_run(view, status_list_no_head_argv, 'A', LINE_STAT_STAGED))
                        return FALSE;
-       } else if (!status_run(view, STATUS_DIFF_INDEX_CMD, 0, LINE_STAT_STAGED)) {
+       } else if (!status_run(view, status_diff_index_argv, 0, LINE_STAT_STAGED)) {
                return FALSE;
        }
 
-       if (!status_run(view, STATUS_DIFF_FILES_CMD, 0, LINE_STAT_UNSTAGED) ||
-           !status_run(view, STATUS_LIST_OTHER_CMD, '?', LINE_STAT_UNTRACKED))
+       if (!status_run(view, status_diff_files_argv, 0, LINE_STAT_UNSTAGED) ||
+           !status_run(view, status_list_other_argv, '?', LINE_STAT_UNTRACKED))
                return FALSE;
 
-       /* If all went well restore the previous line number to stay in
-        * the context or select a line with something that can be
-        * updated. */
-       if (prev_lineno >= view->lines)
-               prev_lineno = view->lines - 1;
-       while (prev_lineno < view->lines && !view->line[prev_lineno].data)
-               prev_lineno++;
-       while (prev_lineno > 0 && !view->line[prev_lineno].data)
-               prev_lineno--;
-
-       /* If the above fails, always skip the "On branch" line. */
-       if (prev_lineno < view->lines)
-               view->lineno = prev_lineno;
-       else
-               view->lineno = 1;
-
-       if (view->lineno < view->offset)
-               view->offset = view->lineno;
-       else if (view->offset + view->height <= view->lineno)
-               view->offset = view->lineno - view->height + 1;
-
+       /* Restore the exact position or use the specialized restore
+        * mode? */
+       if (!view->p_restore)
+               status_restore(view);
        return TRUE;
 }
 
@@ -4366,11 +4739,13 @@ static enum request
 status_enter(struct view *view, struct line *line)
 {
        struct status *status = line->data;
-       char oldpath[SIZEOF_STR] = "";
-       char newpath[SIZEOF_STR] = "";
+       const char *oldpath = status ? status->old.name : NULL;
+       /* Diffs for unmerged entries are empty when passing the new
+        * path, so leave it empty. */
+       const char *newpath = status && status->status != 'U' ? status->new.name : NULL;
        const char *info;
-       size_t cmdsize = 0;
        enum open_flags split;
+       struct view *stage = VIEW(REQ_VIEW_STAGE);
 
        if (line->type == LINE_STAT_NONE ||
            (!status && line[1].type == LINE_STAT_NONE)) {
@@ -4378,32 +4753,24 @@ status_enter(struct view *view, struct line *line)
                return REQ_NONE;
        }
 
-       if (status) {
-               if (sq_quote(oldpath, 0, status->old.name) >= sizeof(oldpath))
-                       return REQ_QUIT;
-               /* Diffs for unmerged entries are empty when pasing the
-                * new path, so leave it empty. */
-               if (status->status != 'U' &&
-                   sq_quote(newpath, 0, status->new.name) >= sizeof(newpath))
-                       return REQ_QUIT;
-       }
-
-       if (opt_cdup[0] &&
-           line->type != LINE_STAT_UNTRACKED &&
-           !string_format_from(opt_cmd, &cmdsize, "cd %s;", opt_cdup))
-               return REQ_QUIT;
-
        switch (line->type) {
        case LINE_STAT_STAGED:
                if (is_initial_commit()) {
-                       if (!string_format_from(opt_cmd, &cmdsize,
-                                               STATUS_DIFF_NO_HEAD_SHOW_CMD,
-                                               newpath))
+                       const char *no_head_diff_argv[] = {
+                               "git", "diff", "--no-color", "--patch-with-stat",
+                                       "--", "/dev/null", newpath, NULL
+                       };
+
+                       if (!prepare_update(stage, no_head_diff_argv, opt_cdup, FORMAT_DASH))
                                return REQ_QUIT;
                } else {
-                       if (!string_format_from(opt_cmd, &cmdsize,
-                                               STATUS_DIFF_INDEX_SHOW_CMD,
-                                               oldpath, newpath))
+                       const char *index_show_argv[] = {
+                               "git", "diff-index", "--root", "--patch-with-stat",
+                                       "-C", "-M", "--cached", "HEAD", "--",
+                                       oldpath, newpath, NULL
+                       };
+
+                       if (!prepare_update(stage, index_show_argv, opt_cdup, FORMAT_DASH))
                                return REQ_QUIT;
                }
 
@@ -4414,20 +4781,22 @@ status_enter(struct view *view, struct line *line)
                break;
 
        case LINE_STAT_UNSTAGED:
-               if (!string_format_from(opt_cmd, &cmdsize,
-                                       STATUS_DIFF_FILES_SHOW_CMD, oldpath, newpath))
+       {
+               const char *files_show_argv[] = {
+                       "git", "diff-files", "--root", "--patch-with-stat",
+                               "-C", "-M", "--", oldpath, newpath, NULL
+               };
+
+               if (!prepare_update(stage, files_show_argv, opt_cdup, FORMAT_DASH))
                        return REQ_QUIT;
                if (status)
                        info = "Unstaged changes to %s";
                else
                        info = "Unstaged changes";
                break;
-
+       }
        case LINE_STAT_UNTRACKED:
-               if (opt_pipe)
-                       return REQ_QUIT;
-
-               if (!status) {
+               if (!newpath) {
                        report("No file to show");
                        return REQ_NONE;
                }
@@ -4437,7 +4806,8 @@ status_enter(struct view *view, struct line *line)
                        return REQ_NONE;
                }
 
-               opt_pipe = fopen(status->new.name, "r");
+               if (!prepare_update_file(stage, newpath))
+                       return REQ_QUIT;
                info = "Untracked file %s";
                break;
 
@@ -4449,7 +4819,7 @@ status_enter(struct view *view, struct line *line)
        }
 
        split = view_is_displayed(view) ? OPEN_SPLIT : 0;
-       open_view(view, REQ_VIEW_STAGE, OPEN_RELOAD | split);
+       open_view(view, REQ_VIEW_STAGE, OPEN_PREPARED | split);
        if (view_is_displayed(VIEW(REQ_VIEW_STAGE))) {
                if (status) {
                        stage_status = *status;
@@ -4469,54 +4839,59 @@ static bool
 status_exists(struct status *status, enum line_type type)
 {
        struct view *view = VIEW(REQ_VIEW_STATUS);
-       struct line *line;
+       unsigned long lineno;
 
-       for (line = view->line; line < view->line + view->lines; line++) {
+       for (lineno = 0; lineno < view->lines; lineno++) {
+               struct line *line = &view->line[lineno];
                struct status *pos = line->data;
 
-               if (line->type == type && pos &&
-                   !strcmp(status->new.name, pos->new.name))
+               if (line->type != type)
+                       continue;
+               if (!pos && (!status || !status->status) && line[1].data) {
+                       select_view_line(view, lineno);
+                       return TRUE;
+               }
+               if (pos && !strcmp(status->new.name, pos->new.name)) {
+                       select_view_line(view, lineno);
                        return TRUE;
+               }
        }
 
        return FALSE;
 }
 
 
-static FILE *
-status_update_prepare(enum line_type type)
+static bool
+status_update_prepare(struct io *io, enum line_type type)
 {
-       char cmd[SIZEOF_STR];
-       size_t cmdsize = 0;
-
-       if (opt_cdup[0] &&
-           type != LINE_STAT_UNTRACKED &&
-           !string_format_from(cmd, &cmdsize, "cd %s;", opt_cdup))
-               return NULL;
+       const char *staged_argv[] = {
+               "git", "update-index", "-z", "--index-info", NULL
+       };
+       const char *others_argv[] = {
+               "git", "update-index", "-z", "--add", "--remove", "--stdin", NULL
+       };
 
        switch (type) {
        case LINE_STAT_STAGED:
-               string_add(cmd, cmdsize, "git update-index -z --index-info");
-               break;
+               return run_io(io, staged_argv, opt_cdup, IO_WR);
 
        case LINE_STAT_UNSTAGED:
+               return run_io(io, others_argv, opt_cdup, IO_WR);
+
        case LINE_STAT_UNTRACKED:
-               string_add(cmd, cmdsize, "git update-index -z --add --remove --stdin");
-               break;
+               return run_io(io, others_argv, NULL, IO_WR);
 
        default:
                die("line type %d not handled in switch", type);
+               return FALSE;
        }
-
-       return popen(cmd, "w");
 }
 
 static bool
-status_update_write(FILE *pipe, struct status *status, enum line_type type)
+status_update_write(struct io *io, struct status *status, enum line_type type)
 {
        char buf[SIZEOF_STR];
        size_t bufsize = 0;
-       size_t written = 0;
 
        switch (type) {
        case LINE_STAT_STAGED:
@@ -4537,37 +4912,33 @@ status_update_write(FILE *pipe, struct status *status, enum line_type type)
                die("line type %d not handled in switch", type);
        }
 
-       while (!ferror(pipe) && written < bufsize) {
-               written += fwrite(buf + written, 1, bufsize - written, pipe);
-       }
-
-       return written == bufsize;
+       return io_write(io, buf, bufsize);
 }
 
 static bool
 status_update_file(struct status *status, enum line_type type)
 {
-       FILE *pipe = status_update_prepare(type);
+       struct io io = {};
        bool result;
 
-       if (!pipe)
+       if (!status_update_prepare(&io, type))
                return FALSE;
 
-       result = status_update_write(pipe, status, type);
-       pclose(pipe);
+       result = status_update_write(&io, status, type);
+       done_io(&io);
        return result;
 }
 
 static bool
 status_update_files(struct view *view, struct line *line)
 {
-       FILE *pipe = status_update_prepare(line->type);
+       struct io io = {};
        bool result = TRUE;
        struct line *pos = view->line + view->lines;
        int files = 0;
        int file, done;
 
-       if (!pipe)
+       if (!status_update_prepare(&io, line->type))
                return FALSE;
 
        for (pos = line; pos < view->line + view->lines && pos->data; pos++)
@@ -4582,10 +4953,10 @@ status_update_files(struct view *view, struct line *line)
                                      file, files, done);
                        update_view_title(view);
                }
-               result = status_update_write(pipe, line->data, line->type);
+               result = status_update_write(&io, line->data, line->type);
        }
 
-       pclose(pipe);
+       done_io(&io);
        return result;
 }
 
@@ -4632,14 +5003,13 @@ status_revert(struct status *status, enum line_type type, bool has_none)
                return FALSE;
 
        } else {
-               char cmd[SIZEOF_STR];
-               char file_sq[SIZEOF_STR];
+               const char *checkout_argv[] = {
+                       "git", "checkout", "--", status->old.name, NULL
+               };
 
-               if (sq_quote(file_sq, 0, status->old.name) >= sizeof(file_sq) ||
-                   !string_format(cmd, "git checkout -- %s%s", opt_cdup, file_sq))
+               if (!prompt_yesno("Are you sure you want to overwrite any changes?"))
                        return FALSE;
-
-               return run_confirm(cmd, "Are you sure you want to overwrite any changes?");
+               return run_io_fg(checkout_argv, opt_cdup);
        }
 }
 
@@ -4786,6 +5156,7 @@ status_grep(struct view *view, struct line *line)
 
 static struct view_ops status_ops = {
        "file",
+       NULL,
        status_open,
        NULL,
        status_draw,
@@ -4796,27 +5167,13 @@ static struct view_ops status_ops = {
 
 
 static bool
-stage_diff_line(FILE *pipe, struct line *line)
-{
-       const char *buf = line->data;
-       size_t bufsize = strlen(buf);
-       size_t written = 0;
-
-       while (!ferror(pipe) && written < bufsize) {
-               written += fwrite(buf + written, 1, bufsize - written, pipe);
-       }
-
-       fputc('\n', pipe);
-
-       return written == bufsize;
-}
-
-static bool
-stage_diff_write(FILE *pipe, struct line *line, struct line *end)
+stage_diff_write(struct io *io, struct line *line, struct line *end)
 {
        while (line < end) {
-               if (!stage_diff_line(pipe, line++))
+               if (!io_write(io, line->data, strlen(line->data)) ||
+                   !io_write(io, "\n", 1))
                        return FALSE;
+               line++;
                if (line->type == LINE_DIFF_CHUNK ||
                    line->type == LINE_DIFF_HEADER)
                        break;
@@ -4838,35 +5195,32 @@ stage_diff_find(struct view *view, struct line *line, enum line_type type)
 static bool
 stage_apply_chunk(struct view *view, struct line *chunk, bool revert)
 {
-       char cmd[SIZEOF_STR];
-       size_t cmdsize = 0;
+       const char *apply_argv[SIZEOF_ARG] = {
+               "git", "apply", "--whitespace=nowarn", NULL
+       };
        struct line *diff_hdr;
-       FILE *pipe;
+       struct io io = {};
+       int argc = 3;
 
        diff_hdr = stage_diff_find(view, chunk, LINE_DIFF_HEADER);
        if (!diff_hdr)
                return FALSE;
 
-       if (opt_cdup[0] &&
-           !string_format_from(cmd, &cmdsize, "cd %s;", opt_cdup))
-               return FALSE;
-
-       if (!string_format_from(cmd, &cmdsize,
-                               "git apply --whitespace=nowarn %s %s - && "
-                               "git update-index -q --unmerged --refresh 2>/dev/null",
-                               revert ? "" : "--cached",
-                               revert || stage_line_type == LINE_STAT_STAGED ? "-R" : ""))
-               return FALSE;
-
-       pipe = popen(cmd, "w");
-       if (!pipe)
+       if (!revert)
+               apply_argv[argc++] = "--cached";
+       if (revert || stage_line_type == LINE_STAT_STAGED)
+               apply_argv[argc++] = "-R";
+       apply_argv[argc++] = "-";
+       apply_argv[argc++] = NULL;
+       if (!run_io(&io, apply_argv, opt_cdup, IO_WR))
                return FALSE;
 
-       if (!stage_diff_write(pipe, diff_hdr, chunk) ||
-           !stage_diff_write(pipe, chunk, view->line + view->lines))
+       if (!stage_diff_write(&io, diff_hdr, chunk) ||
+           !stage_diff_write(&io, chunk, view->line + view->lines))
                chunk = NULL;
 
-       pclose(pipe);
+       done_io(&io);
+       run_io_bg(update_index_argv);
 
        return chunk ? TRUE : FALSE;
 }
@@ -5018,12 +5372,15 @@ stage_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
                return request;
        }
 
+       VIEW(REQ_VIEW_STATUS)->p_restore = TRUE;
        open_view(view, REQ_VIEW_STATUS, OPEN_RELOAD | OPEN_NOMAXIMIZE);
 
        /* Check whether the staged entry still exists, and close the
         * stage view if it doesn't. */
-       if (!status_exists(&stage_status, stage_line_type))
+       if (!status_exists(&stage_status, stage_line_type)) {
+               status_restore(VIEW(REQ_VIEW_STATUS));
                return REQ_VIEW_CLOSE;
+       }
 
        if (stage_line_type == LINE_STAT_UNTRACKED) {
                if (!suffixcmp(stage_status.new.name, -1, "/")) {
@@ -5031,7 +5388,10 @@ stage_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
                        return REQ_NONE;
                }
 
-               opt_pipe = fopen(stage_status.new.name, "r");
+               if (!prepare_update_file(view, stage_status.new.name)) {
+                       report("Failed to open file: %s", strerror(errno));
+                       return REQ_NONE;
+               }
        }
        open_view(view, REQ_VIEW_STAGE, OPEN_REFRESH);
 
@@ -5041,6 +5401,7 @@ stage_request(struct view *view, enum request request, struct line *line)
 static struct view_ops stage_ops = {
        "line",
        NULL,
+       NULL,
        pager_read,
        pager_draw,
        stage_request,
@@ -5249,7 +5610,7 @@ prepare_rev_graph(struct rev_graph *graph)
 }
 
 static void
-update_rev_graph(struct rev_graph *graph)
+update_rev_graph(struct view *view, struct rev_graph *graph)
 {
        /* If this is the finalizing update ... */
        if (graph->commit)
@@ -5260,6 +5621,10 @@ update_rev_graph(struct rev_graph *graph)
        if (!graph->prev->commit)
                return;
 
+       if (view->lines > 2)
+               view->line[view->lines - 3].dirty = 1;
+       if (view->lines > 1)
+               view->line[view->lines - 2].dirty = 1;
        draw_rev_graph(graph->prev);
        done_rev_graph(graph->prev->prev);
 }
@@ -5269,6 +5634,11 @@ update_rev_graph(struct rev_graph *graph)
  * Main view backend
  */
 
+static const char *main_argv[SIZEOF_ARG] = {
+       "git", "log", "--no-color", "--pretty=raw", "--parents",
+                     "--topo-order", "%(head)", NULL
+};
+
 static bool
 main_draw(struct view *view, struct line *line, unsigned int lineno)
 {
@@ -5336,13 +5706,14 @@ main_read(struct view *view, char *line)
                        die("No revisions match the given arguments.");
                if (view->lines > 0) {
                        commit = view->line[view->lines - 1].data;
+                       view->line[view->lines - 1].dirty = 1;
                        if (!*commit->author) {
                                view->lines--;
                                free(commit);
                                graph->commit = NULL;
                        }
                }
-               update_rev_graph(graph);
+               update_rev_graph(view, graph);
 
                for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(graph_stacks); i++)
                        clear_rev_graph(&graph_stacks[i]);
@@ -5386,55 +5757,13 @@ main_read(struct view *view, char *line)
                break;
 
        case LINE_AUTHOR:
-       {
-               /* Parse author lines where the name may be empty:
-                *      author  <email@address.tld> 1138474660 +0100
-                */
-               char *ident = line + STRING_SIZE("author ");
-               char *nameend = strchr(ident, '<');
-               char *emailend = strchr(ident, '>');
-
-               if (!nameend || !emailend)
-                       break;
-
-               update_rev_graph(graph);
+               parse_author_line(line + STRING_SIZE("author "),
+                                 commit->author, sizeof(commit->author),
+                                 &commit->time);
+               update_rev_graph(view, graph);
                graph = graph->next;
-
-               *nameend = *emailend = 0;
-               ident = chomp_string(ident);
-               if (!*ident) {
-                       ident = chomp_string(nameend + 1);
-                       if (!*ident)
-                               ident = "Unknown";
-               }
-
-               string_ncopy(commit->author, ident, strlen(ident));
-
-               /* Parse epoch and timezone */
-               if (emailend[1] == ' ') {
-                       char *secs = emailend + 2;
-                       char *zone = strchr(secs, ' ');
-                       time_t time = (time_t) atol(secs);
-
-                       if (zone && strlen(zone) == STRING_SIZE(" +0700")) {
-                               long tz;
-
-                               zone++;
-                               tz  = ('0' - zone[1]) * 60 * 60 * 10;
-                               tz += ('0' - zone[2]) * 60 * 60;
-                               tz += ('0' - zone[3]) * 60;
-                               tz += ('0' - zone[4]) * 60;
-
-                               if (zone[0] == '-')
-                                       tz = -tz;
-
-                               time -= tz;
-                       }
-
-                       gmtime_r(&time, &commit->time);
-               }
                break;
-       }
+
        default:
                /* Fill in the commit title if it has not already been set. */
                if (commit->title[0])
@@ -5455,6 +5784,7 @@ main_read(struct view *view, char *line)
                 * shortened titles, etc. */
 
                string_ncopy(commit->title, line, strlen(line));
+               view->line[view->lines - 1].dirty = 1;
        }
 
        return TRUE;
@@ -5549,6 +5879,7 @@ main_select(struct view *view, struct line *line)
 
 static struct view_ops main_ops = {
        "commit",
+       main_argv,
        NULL,
        main_read,
        main_draw,
@@ -5823,32 +6154,61 @@ init_display(void)
        }
 }
 
-static bool
-prompt_yesno(const char *prompt)
+static int
+get_input(bool prompting)
 {
-       enum { WAIT, STOP, CANCEL  } status = WAIT;
-       bool answer = FALSE;
-
-       while (status == WAIT) {
-               struct view *view;
-               int i, key;
+       struct view *view;
+       int i, key;
 
+       if (prompting)
                input_mode = TRUE;
 
+       while (true) {
                foreach_view (view, i)
                        update_view(view);
 
-               input_mode = FALSE;
+               /* Refresh, accept single keystroke of input */
+               key = wgetch(status_win);
+
+               /* wgetch() with nodelay() enabled returns ERR when
+                * there's no input. */
+               if (key == ERR) {
+                       doupdate();
+
+               } else if (key == KEY_RESIZE) {
+                       int height, width;
+
+                       getmaxyx(stdscr, height, width);
+
+                       /* Resize the status view and let the view driver take
+                        * care of resizing the displayed views. */
+                       resize_display();
+                       redraw_display(TRUE);
+                       wresize(status_win, 1, width);
+                       mvwin(status_win, height - 1, 0);
+                       wrefresh(status_win);
+
+               } else {
+                       input_mode = FALSE;
+                       return key;
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+static bool
+prompt_yesno(const char *prompt)
+{
+       enum { WAIT, STOP, CANCEL  } status = WAIT;
+       bool answer = FALSE;
+
+       while (status == WAIT) {
+               int key;
 
                mvwprintw(status_win, 0, 0, "%s [Yy]/[Nn]", prompt);
                wclrtoeol(status_win);
 
-               /* Refresh, accept single keystroke of input */
-               key = wgetch(status_win);
+               key = get_input(TRUE);
                switch (key) {
-               case ERR:
-                       break;
-
                case 'y':
                case 'Y':
                        answer = TRUE;
@@ -5879,25 +6239,16 @@ static char *
 read_prompt(const char *prompt)
 {
        enum { READING, STOP, CANCEL } status = READING;
-       static char buf[sizeof(opt_cmd) - STRING_SIZE("git \0")];
+       static char buf[SIZEOF_STR];
        int pos = 0;
 
        while (status == READING) {
-               struct view *view;
-               int i, key;
-
-               input_mode = TRUE;
-
-               foreach_view (view, i)
-                       update_view(view);
-
-               input_mode = FALSE;
+               int key;
 
                mvwprintw(status_win, 0, 0, "%s%.*s", prompt, pos, buf);
                wclrtoeol(status_win);
 
-               /* Refresh, accept single keystroke of input */
-               key = wgetch(status_win);
+               key = get_input(TRUE);
                switch (key) {
                case KEY_RETURN:
                case KEY_ENTER:
@@ -5916,9 +6267,6 @@ read_prompt(const char *prompt)
                        status = CANCEL;
                        break;
 
-               case ERR:
-                       break;
-
                default:
                        if (pos >= sizeof(buf)) {
                                report("Input string too long");
@@ -5943,9 +6291,20 @@ read_prompt(const char *prompt)
 }
 
 /*
- * Repository references
+ * Repository properties
  */
 
+static int
+git_properties(const char **argv, const char *separators,
+              int (*read_property)(char *, size_t, char *, size_t))
+{
+       struct io io = {};
+
+       if (init_io_rd(&io, argv, NULL, FORMAT_NONE))
+               return read_properties(&io, separators, read_property);
+       return ERR;
+}
+
 static struct ref *refs = NULL;
 static size_t refs_alloc = 0;
 static size_t refs_size = 0;
@@ -6102,8 +6461,15 @@ read_ref(char *id, size_t idlen, char *name, size_t namelen)
 static int
 load_refs(void)
 {
-       const char *cmd_env = getenv("TIG_LS_REMOTE");
-       const char *cmd = cmd_env && *cmd_env ? cmd_env : TIG_LS_REMOTE;
+       static const char *ls_remote_argv[SIZEOF_ARG] = {
+               "git", "ls-remote", ".", NULL
+       };
+       static bool init = FALSE;
+
+       if (!init) {
+               argv_from_env(ls_remote_argv, "TIG_LS_REMOTE");
+               init = TRUE;
+       }
 
        if (!*opt_git_dir)
                return OK;
@@ -6113,7 +6479,7 @@ load_refs(void)
        while (id_refs_size > 0)
                free(id_refs[--id_refs_size]);
 
-       return read_properties(popen(cmd, "r"), "\t", read_ref);
+       return git_properties(ls_remote_argv, "\t", read_ref);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -6153,8 +6519,9 @@ read_repo_config_option(char *name, size_t namelen, char *value, size_t valuelen
 static int
 load_git_config(void)
 {
-       return read_properties(popen("git " GIT_CONFIG " --list", "r"),
-                              "=", read_repo_config_option);
+       const char *config_list_argv[] = { "git", GIT_CONFIG, "--list", NULL };
+
+       return git_properties(config_list_argv, "=", read_repo_config_option);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -6171,14 +6538,11 @@ read_repo_info(char *name, size_t namelen, char *value, size_t valuelen)
                 * Default to true for the unknown case. */
                opt_is_inside_work_tree = strcmp(name, "false") ? TRUE : FALSE;
 
-       } else if (opt_cdup[0] == ' ') {
+       } else if (*name == '.') {
                string_ncopy(opt_cdup, name, namelen);
+
        } else {
-               if (!prefixcmp(name, "refs/heads/")) {
-                       namelen -= STRING_SIZE("refs/heads/");
-                       name    += STRING_SIZE("refs/heads/");
-                       string_ncopy(opt_head, name, namelen);
-               }
+               string_ncopy(opt_prefix, name, namelen);
        }
 
        return OK;
@@ -6187,34 +6551,37 @@ read_repo_info(char *name, size_t namelen, char *value, size_t valuelen)
 static int
 load_repo_info(void)
 {
-       int result;
-       FILE *pipe = popen("(git rev-parse --git-dir --is-inside-work-tree "
-                          " --show-cdup; git symbolic-ref HEAD) 2>/dev/null", "r");
+       const char *head_argv[] = {
+               "git", "symbolic-ref", "HEAD", NULL
+       };
+       const char *rev_parse_argv[] = {
+               "git", "rev-parse", "--git-dir", "--is-inside-work-tree",
+                       "--show-cdup", "--show-prefix", NULL
+       };
 
-       /* XXX: The line outputted by "--show-cdup" can be empty so
-        * initialize it to something invalid to make it possible to
-        * detect whether it has been set or not. */
-       opt_cdup[0] = ' ';
+       if (run_io_buf(head_argv, opt_head, sizeof(opt_head))) {
+               chomp_string(opt_head);
+               if (!prefixcmp(opt_head, "refs/heads/")) {
+                       char *offset = opt_head + STRING_SIZE("refs/heads/");
 
-       result = read_properties(pipe, "=", read_repo_info);
-       if (opt_cdup[0] == ' ')
-               opt_cdup[0] = 0;
+                       memmove(opt_head, offset, strlen(offset) + 1);
+               }
+       }
 
-       return result;
+       return git_properties(rev_parse_argv, "=", read_repo_info);
 }
 
 static int
-read_properties(FILE *pipe, const char *separators,
+read_properties(struct io *io, const char *separators,
                int (*read_property)(char *, size_t, char *, size_t))
 {
-       char buffer[BUFSIZ];
        char *name;
        int state = OK;
 
-       if (!pipe)
+       if (!start_io(io))
                return ERR;
 
-       while (state == OK && (name = fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), pipe))) {
+       while (state == OK && (name = io_get(io, '\n', TRUE))) {
                char *value;
                size_t namelen;
                size_t valuelen;
@@ -6235,10 +6602,9 @@ read_properties(FILE *pipe, const char *separators,
                state = read_property(name, namelen, value, valuelen);
        }
 
-       if (state != ERR && ferror(pipe))
+       if (state != ERR && io_error(io))
                state = ERR;
-
-       pclose(pipe);
+       done_io(io);
 
        return state;
 }
@@ -6288,6 +6654,7 @@ warn(const char *msg, ...)
 int
 main(int argc, const char *argv[])
 {
+       const char **run_argv = NULL;
        struct view *view;
        enum request request;
        size_t i;
@@ -6309,7 +6676,7 @@ main(int argc, const char *argv[])
        if (load_git_config() == ERR)
                die("Failed to load repo config.");
 
-       request = parse_options(argc, argv);
+       request = parse_options(argc, argv, &run_argv);
        if (request == REQ_NONE)
                return 0;
 
@@ -6330,28 +6697,23 @@ main(int argc, const char *argv[])
                die("Failed to load refs.");
 
        foreach_view (view, i)
-               view->cmd_env = getenv(view->cmd_env);
+               argv_from_env(view->ops->argv, view->cmd_env);
 
        init_display();
 
+       if (request == REQ_VIEW_PAGER || run_argv) {
+               if (request == REQ_VIEW_PAGER)
+                       io_open(&VIEW(request)->io, "");
+               else if (!prepare_update(VIEW(request), run_argv, NULL, FORMAT_NONE))
+                       die("Failed to format arguments");
+               open_view(NULL, request, OPEN_PREPARED);
+               request = REQ_NONE;
+       }
+
        while (view_driver(display[current_view], request)) {
-               int key;
-               int i;
+               int key = get_input(FALSE);
 
-               foreach_view (view, i)
-                       update_view(view);
                view = display[current_view];
-
-               /* Refresh, accept single keystroke of input */
-               key = wgetch(status_win);
-
-               /* wgetch() with nodelay() enabled returns ERR when there's no
-                * input. */
-               if (key == ERR) {
-                       request = REQ_NONE;
-                       continue;
-               }
-
                request = get_keybinding(view->keymap, key);
 
                /* Some low-level request handling. This keeps access to
@@ -6361,15 +6723,23 @@ main(int argc, const char *argv[])
                {
                        char *cmd = read_prompt(":");
 
-                       if (cmd && string_format(opt_cmd, "git %s", cmd)) {
-                               if (strncmp(cmd, "show", 4) && isspace(cmd[4])) {
-                                       request = REQ_VIEW_DIFF;
+                       if (cmd) {
+                               struct view *next = VIEW(REQ_VIEW_PAGER);
+                               const char *argv[SIZEOF_ARG] = { "git" };
+                               int argc = 1;
+
+                               /* When running random commands, initially show the
+                                * command in the title. However, it maybe later be
+                                * overwritten if a commit line is selected. */
+                               string_ncopy(next->ref, cmd, strlen(cmd));
+
+                               if (!argv_from_string(argv, &argc, cmd)) {
+                                       report("Too many arguments");
+                               } else if (!prepare_update(next, argv, NULL, FORMAT_DASH)) {
+                                       report("Failed to format command");
                                } else {
-                                       request = REQ_VIEW_PAGER;
+                                       open_view(view, REQ_VIEW_PAGER, OPEN_PREPARED);
                                }
-
-                               /* Always reload^Wrerun commands from the prompt. */
-                               open_view(view, request, OPEN_RELOAD);
                        }
 
                        request = REQ_NONE;
@@ -6387,19 +6757,6 @@ main(int argc, const char *argv[])
                                request = REQ_NONE;
                        break;
                }
-               case REQ_SCREEN_RESIZE:
-               {
-                       int height, width;
-
-                       getmaxyx(stdscr, height, width);
-
-                       /* Resize the status view and let the view driver take
-                        * care of resizing the displayed views. */
-                       wresize(status_win, 1, width);
-                       mvwin(status_win, height - 1, 0);
-                       wrefresh(status_win);
-                       break;
-               }
                default:
                        break;
                }