1 =head1 NAME
3 rrdgraph_examples - Examples for rrdtool graph
5 =head1 SYNOPSIS
7 B<rrdtool graph /home/httpd/html/test.png --img-format PNG>
9 followed by any of the examples below
11 =head1 DESCRIPTION
13 For your convenience some of the commands are explained here
14 by using detailed examples. They are not always cut-and-paste
15 ready because comments are intermixed with the examples.
17 =head1 EXAMPLES
19 =head2 Data with multiple resolutions
21 --end now --start end-120000s --width 400
22 DEF:ds0a=/home/rrdtool/data/router1.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE
23 DEF:ds0b=/home/rrdtool/data/router1.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE:step=1800
24 DEF:ds0c=/home/rrdtool/data/router1.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE:step=7200
25 LINE1:ds0a#0000FF:"default resolution\l"
26 LINE1:ds0b#00CCFF:"resolution 1800 seconds per interval\l"
27 LINE1:ds0c#FF00FF:"resolution 7200 seconds per interval\l"
29 =head2 Nicely formatted legend section
31 DEF:ds0=/home/rrdtool/data/router1.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE
32 DEF:ds1=/home/rrdtool/data/router1.rrd:ds1:AVERAGE
33 VDEF:ds0max=ds0,MAXIMUM
34 VDEF:ds0avg=ds0,AVERAGE
35 VDEF:ds0min=ds0,MINIMUM
36 VDEF:ds0pct=ds0,95,PERCENT
37 VDEF:ds1max=ds1,MAXIMUM
38 VDEF:ds1avg=ds1,AVERAGE
39 VDEF:ds1min=ds1,MINIMUM
40 VDEF:ds1pct=ds1,95,PERCENT
42 Note: consolidation occurs here.
44 CDEF:ds0bits=ds0,8,*
45 CDEF:ds1bits=ds1,8,*
47 Note: 10 spaces to move text to the right
49 COMMENT:" "
51 Note: the column titles have to be as wide as the columns
53 COMMENT:"Maximum "
54 COMMENT:"Average "
55 COMMENT:"Minimum "
57 COMMENT:"95th percentile\l"
58 AREA:ds0bits#00C000:"Inbound "
59 GPRINT:ds0max:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
60 GPRINT:ds0avg:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
61 GPRINT:ds0min:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
62 GPRINT:ds0pct:"%6.2lf %Sbps\l"
63 LINE1:ds1bits#0000FF:"Outbound"
64 GPRINT:ds1max:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
65 GPRINT:ds1avg:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
66 GPRINT:ds1min:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
67 GPRINT:ds1pct:"%6.2lf %Sbps\l"
69 =head2 Offsetting a line on the y-axis
71 Depending on your needs you can do this in two ways:
73 =over
75 =item *
77 Offset the data, then graph this
79 DEF:mydata=my.rrd:ds:AVERAGE
81 Note: this will also influence any other command that uses "data"
83 CDEF:data=mydata,100,+
84 LINE1:data#FF0000:"Data with offset"
86 =item *
88 Graph the original data, with an offset
90 DEF:mydata=my.rrd:ds:AVERAGE
92 Note: no color in the first line so it is not visible
94 LINE1:100
96 Note: the second line gets stacked on top of the first one
98 LINE1:data#FF0000:"Data with offset":STACK
100 =back
102 =head2 Drawing dashed lines
104 Also works for HRULE and VRULE
106 =over
108 =item *
110 default style: - - - - -
111 LINE1:data#FF0000:"dashed line":dashes
113 =item *
115 more fancy style with offset: - - --- - --- -
116 LINE1:data#FF0000:"another dashed line":dashes=15,5,5,10:dash-offset=10
118 =back
120 =head2 Time ranges
122 Last four weeks: --start end-4w --end 00:00
123 January 2001: --start 20010101 --end start+31d
124 January 2001: --start 20010101 --end 20010201
125 Last hour: --start end-1h
126 Last 24 hours: <nothing at all>
127 Yesterday: --end 00:00
129 =head2 Viewing the current and previous week together
131 --end now --start end-1w
132 DEF:thisweek=router.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE
133 DEF:lastweek=router.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE:end=now-1w:start=end-1w
135 Shift the data forward by one week (604800 seconds)
137 SHIFT:lastweek:604800
138 [ more of the usual VDEF and CDEF stuff if you like ]
139 AREA:lastweek#0000FF:Last\ week
140 LINE1:thisweek#FF0000:This\ week
142 =head2 Aberrant Behaviour Detection
144 If the specialized function B<RRAs> exist for aberrant behavior detection, they
145 can be used to generate the graph of a time series with confidence bands and
146 failures.
148 rrdtool graph example.png \
149 DEF:obs=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:AVERAGE \
150 DEF:pred=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:HWPREDICT \
151 DEF:dev=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:DEVPREDICT \
152 DEF:fail=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:FAILURES \
153 TICK:fail#ffffa0:1.0:"Failures\: Average bits out" \
154 CDEF:scaledobs=obs,8,* \
155 CDEF:upper=pred,dev,2,*,+ \
156 CDEF:lower=pred,dev,2,*,- \
157 CDEF:scaledupper=upper,8,* \
158 CDEF:scaledlower=lower,8,* \
159 LINE2:scaledobs#0000ff:"Average bits out" \
160 LINE1:scaledupper#ff0000:"Upper Confidence Bound: Average bits out" \
161 LINE1:scaledlower#ff0000:"Lower Confidence Bound: Average bits out"
163 This example generates a graph of the data series in blue (LINE2 with the scaledobs
164 virtual data source), confidence bounds in red (scaledupper and scaledlower virtual
165 data sources), and potential failures (i.e. potential aberrant aberrant behavior)
166 marked by vertical yellow lines (the fail data source).
168 The raw data comes from an AVERAGE B<RRA>, the finest resolution of the observed
169 time series (one consolidated data point per primary data point). The predicted
170 (or smoothed) values are stored in the HWPREDICT B<RRA>. The predicted deviations
171 (think standard deviation) values are stored in the DEVPREDICT B<RRA>. Finally,
172 the FAILURES B<RRA> contains indicators, with 1 denoting a potential failure.
174 All of the data is rescaled to bits (instead of Octets) by multiplying by 8.
175 The confidence bounds are computed by an offset of 2 deviations both above
176 and below the predicted values (the CDEFs upper and lower). Vertical lines
177 indicated potential failures are graphed via the TICK graph element, which
178 converts non-zero values in an B<RRA> into tick marks. Here an axis-fraction
179 argument of 1.0 means the tick marks span the entire y-axis, and hence become
180 vertical lines on the graph.
182 The choice of 2 deviations (a scaling factor) matches the default used internally
183 by the FAILURES B<RRA>. If the internal value is changed (see L<rrdtune>), this
184 graphing command should be changed to be consistent.
186 =head3 A note on data reduction:
188 The B<rrdtool> I<graph> command is designed to plot data at a specified temporal
189 resolution, regardless of the actually resolution of the data in the RRD file.
190 This can present a problem for the specialized consolidation functions which
191 maintain a one-to-one mapping between primary data points and consolidated
192 data points. If a graph insists on viewing the contents of these B<RRAs> on a
193 coarser temporal scale, the I<graph> command tries to do something intelligent,
194 but the confidence bands and failures no longer have the same meaning and may
195 be misleading.
198 =head1 SEE ALSO
200 L<rrdgraph> gives an overview of how B<rrdtool graph> works.
201 L<rrdgraph_data> describes B<DEF>,B<CDEF> and B<VDEF> in detail.
202 L<rrdgraph_rpn> describes the B<RPN> language used in the B<xDEF> statements.
203 L<rrdgraph_graph> page describes all the graph and print functions.
205 =head1 AUTHOR
207 Program by Tobias Oetiker E<lt>tobi@oetiker.chE<gt>
209 This manual page by Alex van den Bogaerdt E<lt>alex@vandenbogaerdt.nlE<gt>
210 with corrections and/or additions by several people