using the 1.2 website as a basis for the new 1.3 website

[rrdtool-all.git] / website / tutorial / rrdtutorial.ps

diff --git a/website/tutorial/rrdtutorial.ps b/website/tutorial/rrdtutorial.ps
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-(ork the \214rst time, don')-3.303 F 3.204(tg)-.18 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)
--3.204 H .704(up. Reread the stuf)3.454 F 3.204(ft)-.25 G .704
-(hat you did understand, you may ha)-3.204 F 1.004 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
-(issed).15 E 2.755(something. By)108 330 R(follo)2.755 E .255
-(wing the e)-.25 F .254(xamples you get some hands-on e)-.15 F .254
-(xperience and, e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.754(nm).15 G .254
-(ore important, some)-2.754 F(background information of ho)108 342 Q 2.5
-(wi)-.25 G 2.5(tw)-2.5 G(orks.)-2.6 E -1.1(Yo)108 358.8 S 5.044(uw)1.1 G
-2.544(ill need to kno)-5.044 F 5.044(ws)-.25 G 2.545(omething about he)
--5.044 F 2.545(xadecimal numbers. If you don')-.15 F 5.045(tt)-.18 G
-2.545(hen start with reading)-5.045 F -.74(``)108 370.8 S(bin_dec_he).74
-E(x')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(efore you continue here.)-2.5 E F1 10.826
--7.218(YY o)108 393.6 T(ou)2.22 E(ur)-5.558 E 2.5<728c>-4.438 G<8c72>
--8.058 E(rs)-4.438 E(st)-3.888 E 2.5(tR)-3.328 G(Ro)-9.718 E(ou)-4.998 E
-(un)-5.558 E(nd)-5.558 E 2.5(dR)-5.558 G(Ro)-9.718 E(ob)-4.998 E(bi)
--5.558 E(in)-2.778 E 2.5(nD)-5.558 G(Da)-9.718 E(at)-4.998 E(ta)-3.328 E
-(ab)-4.998 E(ba)-5.558 E(as)-4.998 E(se)-3.888 E(e)-4.438 E F0 .102
-(In my opinion the best w)108 410.4 R .102
-(ay to learn something is to actually do it.)-.1 F(Wh)5.101 E 2.601(yn)
--.05 G .101(ot start right no)-2.601 F 2.601(w? W)-.25 F 2.601(ew)-.8 G
-.101(ill create)-2.601 F 2.944(ad)108 422.4 S .444(atabase, put some v)
--2.944 F .444(alues in it and e)-.25 F .444(xtract this data ag)-.15 F
-2.944(ain. Y)-.05 F .444(our output should be the same as the output)
--1.1 F(that is included in this document.)108 434.4 Q 2.605 -.8(We w)108
-451.2 T 1.005(ill start with some easy stuf).8 F 3.505(fa)-.25 G 1.005
-(nd compare a car with a router)-3.505 F 3.505(,o)-.4 G 3.504(rc)-3.505
-G 1.004(ompare kilometers \(miles if you)-3.504 F
-(wish\) with bits and bytes. It')108 463.2 Q 2.5(sa)-.55 G
-(ll the same: some number o)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rs).15 G
-(ome time.)-2.5 E 1.002(Assume we ha)108 480 R 1.302 -.15(ve a d)-.2 H
--.25(ev).15 G 1.003(ice that transfers bytes to and from the Internet.)
-.25 F 1.003(This de)6.003 F 1.003(vice k)-.25 F 1.003
-(eeps a counter that)-.1 F .982
-(starts at zero when it is turned on, increasing with e)108 492 R -.15
-(ve)-.25 G .982(ry byte that is transfered. This counter will ha).15 F
-1.282 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.066(maximum v)108 504 R 1.066(alue, if that v)
--.25 F 1.066(alue is reached and an e)-.25 F 1.066
-(xtra byte is counted, the counter starts all o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-3.567(ra).15 G 3.567(tz)-3.567 G(ero.)-3.567 E 1.276
-(This is the same as man)108 516 R 3.776(yc)-.15 G 1.276
-(ounters in the w)-3.776 F 1.276
-(orld such as the mileage counter in a car)-.1 F 6.275(.M)-.55 G 1.275
-(ost discussions)-6.275 F .471(about netw)108 528 R .471
-(orking talk about bits per second so lets get used to that right a)-.1
-F -.1(wa)-.15 G 1.771 -.65(y. A).1 H .471(ssume a byte is eight bits).65
-F .049(and start to think in bits not bytes. The counter)108 540 R 2.548
-(,h)-.4 G -.25(ow)-2.548 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H .848 -.4(r, s).25 H
-.048(till counts bytes !).4 F .048(In the)5.048 F F2(SNMP)2.548 E F0 -.1
-(wo)2.548 G .048(rld most of the).1 F .566
-(counters are 32 bits. That means the)108 552 R 3.066(ya)-.15 G .566
-(re counting from 0 to 4294967295. W)-3.066 F 3.067(ew)-.8 G .567
-(ill use these v)-3.067 F .567(alues in the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 564 S
-3.71(amples. The).15 F(de)3.71 E 1.21(vice, when ask)-.25 F 1.21
-(ed, returns the current v)-.1 F 1.209(alue of the counter)-.25 F 3.709
-(.W)-.55 G 3.709(ek)-4.509 G(no)-3.709 E 3.709(wt)-.25 G 1.209
-(he time that has)-3.709 F .861(passes since we last ask)108 576 R .861
-(ed so we no)-.1 F 3.361(wk)-.25 G(no)-3.361 E 3.361(wh)-.25 G 1.361
--.25(ow m)-3.361 H(an).25 E 3.361(yb)-.15 G .861(ytes ha)-3.361 F 1.161
--.15(ve b)-.2 H .861(een transfered).15 F/F3 10/Symbol SF(***)3.362 E F0
-.862(on a)B -.15(ve)-.2 G(rage).15 E F3(***)A F0(per)3.362 E
-(second. This is not v)108 588 Q(ery hard to calculate. First in w)-.15
-E(ords, then in calculations:)-.1 E 5(1. T)108 604.8 R(ak)-.8 E 2.5(et)
--.1 G(he current counter)-2.5 E 2.5(,s)-.4 G(ubtract the pre)-2.5 E
-(vious v)-.25 E(alue from it.)-.25 E 5(2. Do)108 621.6 R
-(the same with the current time and the pre)2.5 E(vious time.)-.25 E 5
-(3. Di)108 638.4 R .311(vide the outcome of \(1\) by the outcome of \(2\
-\), the result is the amount of bytes per second. Multiply)-.25 F
-(by eight to get the number of bits per second \(bps\).)123 650.4 Q/F4
-10/Courier@0 SF
-(bps = \(counter_now - counter_before\) / \(time_now - time_before\))120
-667.2 Q F3(*)6 E F4(8)6 E F0 -.15(Fo)108 691.2 S 2.915(rs).15 G .415
-(ome people it may help to translate this to a automobile e)-2.915 F
-.416(xample: Do not try this e)-.15 F .416(xample, and if you)-.15 F
-(do, don')108 703.2 Q 2.5(tb)-.18 G(lame me for the results.)-2.5 E
-154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(2)192.34 E EP
-%%Page: 3 3
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
-130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F .456(People\
- who are not used to think in kilometers per hour can translate most in\
-to miles per hour by di)108 96 R(viding)-.25 E
-(km by 1.6 \(close enough\).)108 108 Q 2.5(Iw)5 G(ill use the follo)-2.5
-E(wing abbre)-.25 E(viations:)-.25 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 18(M: meter)114
-124.8 R 12(KM: kilometer)114 136.8 R(\(= 1000 meters\).)6 E 18(H: hour)
-114 148.8 R 18(S: second)114 160.8 R(KM/H: kilometers per hour)114 172.8
-Q 6(M/S: meters)114 184.8 R(per second)6 E F0 -1.1(Yo)108 208.8 S(u')1.1
-E .28(re dri)-.5 F .28(ving a car)-.25 F 2.78(.A)-.55 G 2.78(t1)-2.78 G
-.281(2:05 you read the counter in the dashboard and it tells you that t\
-he car has mo)-2.78 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d).15 E(12345)108 220.8 Q/F2 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(KM)3.019 E F0 .519(until that moment.)3.019 F .519
-(At 12:10 you look ag)5.519 F .518(ain, it reads 12357)-.05 F F2(KM)
-3.018 E F0 3.018(.T)C .518(his means you ha)-3.018 F .818 -.15(ve t)-.2
-H(ra).15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(led).15 E(12)108 232.8 Q F2(KM)3.061 E F0 .561
-(in \214v)3.061 F 3.061(em)-.15 G .561(inutes. A scientist w)-3.061 F
-.562(ould translate that into meters per second and this mak)-.1 F .562
-(es a nice com-)-.1 F(parison to)108 244.8 Q -.1(wa)-.25 G
-(rds the problem of \(bytes per \214v).1 E 2.5(em)-.15 G(inutes\) v)-2.5
-E(ersus \(bits per second\).)-.15 E 1.63 -.8(We t)108 261.6 T(ra).8 E
--.15(ve)-.2 G .03(led 12 kilometers which is 12000 meters. W).15 F 2.53
-(ed)-.8 G .03(id that in \214v)-2.53 F 2.53(em)-.15 G .03
-(inutes which translates into 300 sec-)-2.53 F
-(onds. Our speed is 12000M / 300S equals 40 M/S.)108 273.6 Q 1.867 -.8
-(We c)108 290.4 T .267(ould also calculate the speed in).8 F F2(KM/H)
-2.767 E F0 2.767(:1)C 2.767(2t)-2.767 G .267(imes \214v)-2.767 F 2.767
-(em)-.15 G .267(inutes is an hour so we ha)-2.767 F .568 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
-2.768(om).15 G .268(ultiply 12)-2.768 F F2(KM)2.768 E F0 .162
-(by 12 to get 144)108 302.4 R F2(KM/H)2.662 E F0 5.162(.F)C .162
-(or our nati)-5.312 F .461 -.15(ve E)-.25 H .161
-(nglish speaking friends: that').15 F 2.661(s9)-.55 G(0)-2.661 E F2(MPH)
-2.661 E F0 .161(so don')2.661 F 2.661(tt)-.18 G .161(ry this e)-2.661 F
-.161(xample at)-.15 F(home or where I li)108 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve :)-.25 H
-(\)).15 E .208(Remember: these numbers are a)108 331.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
-.209(rages only).15 F 5.209(.T)-.65 G .209(here is no w)-5.209 F .209
-(ay to \214gure out from the numbers, if you dro)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-(at a constant speed.)108 343.2 Q(There is an e)5 E
-(xample later on in this tutorial that e)-.15 E(xplains this.)-.15 E
-2.538(Ih)108 360 S .038(ope you understand that there is no dif)-2.538 F
-.038(ference in calculating M/S or bps; only the w)-.25 F .038
-(ay we collect the data)-.1 F(is dif)108 372 Q(ferent. Ev)-.25 E
-(en the K from kilo is the same as in netw)-.15 E
-(orking terms k also means 1000.)-.1 E 2.228 -.8(We w)108 388.8 T .628
-(ill no).8 F 3.128(wc)-.25 G .628(reate a database where we can k)-3.128
-F .629(eep all these interesting numbers. The method used to start)-.1 F
-.853(the program may dif)108 400.8 R .853(fer slightly from)-.25 F F2
-(OS)3.352 E F0(to)3.352 E F2(OS)3.352 E F0 -.2(bu)3.352 G 3.352(tIa).2 G
-.852(ssume you can \214gure it out if it w)-3.352 F .852(orks dif)-.1 F
-.852(ferent on)-.25 F(your)108 412.8 Q F2(OS)2.989 E F0 2.989(.M)C(ak)
--2.989 E 2.989(es)-.1 G .489(ure you do not o)-2.989 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-.489(rwrite an).15 F 2.989<798c>-.15 G .489(le on your system when e)
--2.989 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .49(cuting the follo).15 F .49(wing command)-.25
-F(and type the whole line as one long line \(I had to split it for read\
-ability\) and skip all of the `\\' characters.)108 424.8 Q F1
-(rrdtool create test.rrd)126 441.6 Q(\\)78 E(--start 920804400)180 453.6
-Q(\\)60 E 12(DS:speed:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)180 465.6 R 36
-(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:24 \\)180 477.6 R(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:6:10)180 489.6 Q F0
-(\(So enter:)108 513.6 Q F1
-(rrdtool create test.rrd --start 920804400 DS ...)2.5 E F0(\))A/F3 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF -9.998(WW)108 536.4 S -5.558(hh)9.998 G -4.998(aa)5.558
-G 6.656 -3.328(tt h)4.998 H(ha)-2.23 E(as)-4.998 E 2.5(sb)-3.888 G(be)
--8.058 E(ee)-4.438 E(en)-4.438 E 2.5(nc)-5.558 G(cr)-6.938 E -.18(re)
--4.438 G(ea)-4.258 E(at)-4.998 E(te)-3.328 E(ed)-4.438 E 2.5(d?)-5.558 G
-(?)-7.498 E F0 3.135 -.8(We c)108 553.2 T 1.534(reated the round robin \
-database called test \(test.rrd\) which starts at noon the day I starte\
-d \(7th of).8 F .933
-(march, 1999\) writing this document. It holds one data source \()108
-565.2 R F2(DS)A F0 3.433(\)n)C .933(amed `)-3.433 F(`speed')-.74 E 3.433
-('t)-.74 G .933(hat gets b)-3.433 F .933(uilt from a)-.2 F(counter)108
-577.2 Q 3.623(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his counter is read e)-3.623 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 1.123(ry \214v).15 F 3.623(em)-.15 G 1.123(inutes \(def)-3.623 F
-1.122(ault\) In the same database tw)-.1 F 3.622(or)-.1 G 1.122
-(ound robin archi)-3.622 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E .83(\(RRAs\) are k)108
-589.2 R .83(ept, one a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .83(rages the data e).15 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G .831(ry time it is read \(e).15 F 3.331(gt)-.15 G(here')
--3.331 E 3.331(sn)-.55 G .831(othing to a)-3.331 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .831
-(rage\) and k).15 F .831(eeps 24)-.1 F .784
-(samples \(24 times 5 minutes is 2 hours\). The other a)108 601.2 R -.15
-(ve)-.2 G .784(rages 6 v).15 F .783
-(alues \(half hour\) and contains 10 of such)-.25 F -2.25 -.2(av e)108
-613.2 T(rages \(e).2 E 2.5(g5h)-.15 G
-(ours\) The remaining options will be discussed later on.)-2.5 E .489
-(RRDtool w)108 630 R .49(orks with special time stamps coming from the)
--.1 F F2(UNIX)2.99 E F0 -.1(wo)2.99 G 2.99(rld. This).1 F .49
-(time stamp is the number of)2.99 F .779
-(seconds that passed since January 1st 1970)108 642 R F2(UTC)3.279 E F0
-5.779(.T)C .779
-(his time stamp is translated into local time and it will)-5.779 F
-(therefore look dif)108 654 Q(ferent for the dif)-.25 E
-(ferent time zones.)-.25 E .249
-(Chances are that you are not in the same part of the w)108 670.8 R .25
-(orld as I am.)-.1 F .25(This means your time zone is dif)5.25 F
-(ferent.)-.25 E .105(In all e)108 682.8 R .104(xamples where I talk abo\
-ut time, the hours may be wrong for you. This has little ef)-.15 F .104
-(fect on the results)-.25 F 1.082(of the e)108 694.8 R 1.082
-(xamples, just correct the hours while reading.)-.15 F 1.082(As an e)
-6.082 F 1.083(xample: where I will see `)-.15 F(`12:05')-.74 E 3.583('t)
--.74 G(he)-3.583 E F2(UK)3.583 E F0(folks will see `)108 706.8 Q
-(`11:05')-.74 E('.)-.74 E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)
-2.5 E(3)192.34 E EP
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-%%BeginPageSetup
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
-130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F 1.6 -.8
-(We n)108 96 T .5 -.25(ow h).8 H -2.25 -.2(av e).25 H
-(to \214ll our database with some numbers. W)2.7 E(e')-.8 E
-(ll pretend to ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve r)-.2 H(ead the follo).15 E
-(wing numbers:)-.25 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6(12:05 12345)114 112.8 R(KM)6
-E 6(12:10 12357)114 124.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:15 12363)114 136.8 R(KM)6 E 6
-(12:20 12363)114 148.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:25 12363)114 160.8 R(KM)6 E 6
-(12:30 12373)114 172.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:35 12383)114 184.8 R(KM)6 E 6
-(12:40 12393)114 196.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:45 12399)114 208.8 R(KM)6 E 6
-(12:50 12405)114 220.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:55 12411)114 232.8 R(KM)6 E 6
-(13:00 12415)114 244.8 R(KM)6 E 6(13:05 12420)114 256.8 R(KM)6 E 6
-(13:10 12422)114 268.8 R(KM)6 E 6(13:15 12423)114 280.8 R(KM)6 E F0 1.6
--.8(We \214)108 304.8 T(ll the database as follo).8 E(ws:)-.25 E F1(rrd\
-tool update test.rrd 920804700:12345 920805000:12357 920805300:12363)114
-321.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd 920805600:12363 920805900:12363 9208062\
-00:12373)114 333.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd 920806500:12383 920806800:\
-12393 920807100:12399)114 345.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd 920807400:124\
-05 920807700:12411 920808000:12415)114 357.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd \
-920808300:12420 920808600:12422 920808900:12423)114 369.6 Q F0
-(This reads: update our test database with the follo)108 393.6 Q
-(wing numbers)-.25 E F1(time 920804700, value 12345)114 410.4 Q
-(time 920805000, value 12357)114 422.4 Q F0(etcetera.)108 446.4 Q .433
-(As you can see, it is possible to feed more than one v)108 463.2 R .433
-(alue into the database in one command. I had to stop)-.25 F
-(at three for readability b)108 475.2 Q(ut the real maximum is)-.2 E/F2
-9/Times-Roman@0 SF(OS)2.5 E F0(dependent.)2.5 E 1.6 -.8(We c)108 492 T
-(an no).8 E 2.5(wr)-.25 G(etrie)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H
-(he data from our database using `).15 E(`rrdtool fetch":)-.74 E F1
-(rrdtool fetch test.rrd AVERAGE --start 920804400 --end 920809200)114
-508.8 Q F0(It should return the follo)108 532.8 Q(wing output:)-.25 E F1
-(speed)204 549.6 Q F0 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E
-(4)192.34 E EP
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-%%BeginPageSetup
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
-130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F/F1 10
-/Courier@0 SF 36(920804700: NaN)114 96 R 30(920805000: 0.04)114 108 R 30
-(920805300: 0.02)114 120 R 30(920805600: 0.00)114 132 R 30
-(920805900: 0.00)114 144 R 30(920806200: 0.03)114 156 R 30
-(920806500: 0.03)114 168 R 30(920806800: 0.03)114 180 R 30
-(920807100: 0.02)114 192 R 30(920807400: 0.02)114 204 R 30
-(920807700: 0.02)114 216 R 30(920808000: 0.01)114 228 R 30
-(920808300: 0.02)114 240 R 30(920808600: 0.01)114 252 R 30
-(920808900: 0.00)114 264 R 36(920809200: NaN)114 276 R F0 .925
-(If it doesn')108 300 R .925(t, something may be wrong.)-.18 F .925
-(Perhaps your)5.925 F/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(OS)3.425 E F0 .926
-(will print `)3.425 F(`NaN')-.74 E 3.426('i)-.74 G 3.426(nad)-3.426 G
-(if)-3.426 E .926(ferent form.)-.25 F .926(It repre-)5.926 F 1.011
-(sents `)108 312 R 1.011(`Not A Number')-.74 F 3.511('. If)-.74 F(your)
-3.511 E F2(OS)3.511 E F0 1.01(writes `)3.51 F(`U')-.74 E 3.51('o)-.74 G
-3.51(r`)-3.51 G(`)-4.25 E F2(UNKN)A F0 2.49 -.74('' o)D 3.51(rs).74 G
-1.01(omething similar that')-3.51 F 3.51(so)-.55 G(kay)-3.51 E 6.01(.I)
--.65 G 3.51(fs)-6.01 G(ome-)-3.51 E .838(thing else is wrong, it will p\
-robably be due to an error you made \(assuming that my tutorial is corr\
-ect of)108 324 R
-(course :\255\). In that case: delete the database and try ag)108 336 Q
-(ain.)-.05 E(What this output represents will become clear in the rest \
-of the tutorial.)108 352.8 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -3.888(II)108 375.6 S
-6.656 -3.328(tt i)3.888 H(is).55 E 2.5(st)-3.888 G(ti)-5.828 E(im)-2.778
-E(me)-8.328 E 2.5(et)-4.438 G(to)-5.828 E 2.5(oc)-4.998 G(cr)-6.938 E
--.18(re)-4.438 G(ea)-4.258 E(at)-4.998 E(te)-3.328 E 2.5(es)-4.438 G(so)
--6.388 E(om)-4.998 E(me)-8.328 E 2.5(eg)-4.438 G(gr)-7.498 E(ra)-4.438 E
-(ap)-4.998 E(ph)-5.558 E(hi)-5.558 E(ic)-2.778 E(cs)-4.438 E(s)-3.888 E
-F0 -.35(Tr)108 392.4 S 2.5(yt).35 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing command:)-.25 E
-F1(rrdtool graph speed.gif)114 409.2 Q(\\)198 E
-(--start 920804400 --end 920808000)162 421.2 Q(\\)90 E 78
-(DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE \\)162 433.2 R(LINE2:myspeed#FF0000)
-162 445.2 Q F0 2.325
-(This will create speed.gif which starts at 12:00 and ends at 13:00.)108
-469.2 R 2.325(There is a de\214nition of v)7.325 F(ariable)-.25 E .491
-(myspeed, it is the data from)108 481.2 R F2(RRA)2.991 E F0 -.74(``)
-2.991 G(speed').74 E 2.991('o)-.74 G .491(ut of database `)-2.991 F
-(`test.rrd')-.74 E .492('. The line dra)-.74 F .492(wn is 2 pix)-.15 F
-.492(els high, and)-.15 F .366(comes from v)108 493.2 R .366
-(ariable myspeed. The color is red.)-.25 F -1.1(Yo)5.366 G(u')1.1 E .366
-(ll notice that the start of the graph is not at 12:00 b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E
-1.064(at 12:05 and this is because we ha)108 505.2 R 1.365 -.15(ve i)-.2
-H(nsuf).15 E 1.065(\214cient data to tell the a)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
-1.065(rage before that time. This will only).15 F(happen when you miss \
-some samples, this will not happen a lot, hopefully)108 517.2 Q(.)-.65 E
-(If this has w)108 534 Q(ork)-.1 E
-(ed: congratulations! If not, check what went wrong.)-.1 E .148
-(The colors are b)108 550.8 R .148(uilt up from red, green and blue. F)
--.2 F .148(or each of the components, you specify ho)-.15 F 2.648(wm)
--.25 G .148(uch to use)-2.648 F .201(in he)108 562.8 R .201
-(xadecimal where 00 means not included and)-.15 F F2(FF)2.701 E F0 .201
-(means fully included.)2.701 F .202(The `)5.201 F(`color')-.74 E 2.702
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-(lack is all colors of)-2.5 E(f: 000000)-.25 E F1 24(red #FF0000)126
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-(you just created can be displayed using your f)2.643 F -.2(avo)-.1 G
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-E(at)-4.998 E(th)-3.328 E(h)-5.558 E F0 .985(When looking at the image,\
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-(emaining times \(12:00 and 13:00\) w)-2.804 F .304
-(ould not be displayed nicely so the)-.1 F 2.804(ya)-.15 G .304
-(re skipped.)-2.804 F(The)5.304 E -.15(ve)108 136.8 S .492
-(rtical axis displays the range we entered. W).15 F 2.992(ep)-.8 G(ro)
--2.992 E .493(vided kilometers and when di)-.15 F .493
-(vided by 300 seconds, we)-.25 F .647(get v)108 148.8 R .646
-(ery small numbers. T)-.15 F 3.146(ob)-.8 G 3.146(ee)-3.146 G .646
-(xact, the \214rst v)-3.296 F .646(alue w)-.25 F .646
-(as 12 \(12357-12345\) and di)-.1 F .646(vided by 300 this mak)-.25 F
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--.74 E 1.165('. The `)-.74 F(`m')-.74 E 3.666('h)-.74 G 1.166
-(as nothing to do with)-3.666 F .193
-(meters, kilometers or millimeters! RRDtool doesn')108 172.8 R 2.693(tk)
--.18 G(no)-2.693 E 2.693(wa)-.25 G .193(bout all this, it just w)-2.693
-F .193(orks with numbers and not)-.1 F(with meters...)108 184.8 Q 5.568
-(What we did wrong w)108 201.6 R 5.568(as that we should ha)-.1 F 5.868
--.15(ve m)-.2 H 5.568(easured in meters, this w).15 F 5.568(ould ha)-.1
-F 5.868 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een).15 E
-(\(12357000-12345000\)/300 = 12000/300 = 40.)108 213.6 Q(Let')108 230.4
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-(ut there is a better w)-.2 F .959(ay: do)-.1 F
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-(ould be. Also,)-.1 F 2.5(al)108 355.2 S
-(abel has been added to the image.)-2.5 E
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-F0 2.5(.B)C(ut \214rst \214nish this tutorial.)-2.5 E 1.099
-(Hang on! If we can multiply v)108 424.8 R 1.099(alues with 1000, it sh\
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-(from the same data!)108 436.8 Q 1.6 -.8(To c)108 453.6 T(hange a v).8 E
-(alue that is measured in meters per second:)-.25 E<ad>110.5 465.6 Q F3
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-E F3(*)2.5 E F0(3600)2.5 E<ad>110.5 477.6 Q F3(*)A F0 2.5(-C)C
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--.25 E F3(*)2.5 E F0(\(3600/1000\) == v)2.5 E(alue)-.25 E F3(*)2.5 E F0
-(3.6)2.5 E .299(In our e)108 506.4 R .299
-(xample database we made a mistak)-.15 F 2.798(ea)-.1 G .298
-(nd we need to compensate for this by multiplying with 1000.)-2.798 F
-(Applying that correction:)108 518.4 Q<ad>110.5 530.4 Q F3(*)A F0 2.5
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--.25 E F3(*)2.5 E F0(3600)2.5 E(No)108 547.2 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(et')-2.5 E
-2.5(sc)-.55 G(reate this)-2.5 E F4(GIF)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C
-(nd add some more magic ...)-2.5 E F2(rrdtool graph speed3.gif)126 564 Q
-(\\)162 E(--start 920804400 --end 920808000)144 576 Q(\\)90 E
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-("CDEF:kmh=myspeed,3600,)144 612 Q F3(*)A F2 138("\\)C 108
-(CDEF:fast=kmh,100,GT,kmh,0,IF \\)144 624 R 108
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-(road I tra)108 708 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(la).15 G(t\). I also changed th\
-e colors used to display speed and changed it from a line into an area.)
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-(RDtool graph can manipulate data. I will not e)-2.976 F(xplain)-.15 E
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-(<BR>)126 454.8 Q
-(<IMG src="speed3.gif" alt="Speed in kilometers per hour">)126 466.8 Q
-(<BR>)126 478.8 Q(<IMG src="speed4.gif" alt="Traveled too fast?">)126
-490.8 Q(</BODY></HTML>)126 502.8 Q F0(Name the \214le `)108 526.8 Q
-(`speed.html')-.74 E 2.5('o)-.74 G 2.5(rs)-2.5 G(imilar)-2.5 E 2.5(,a)
--.4 G(nd vie)-2.5 E 2.5(wi)-.25 G(t.)-2.5 E(No)108 543.6 Q 1.865 -.65
-(w, a)-.25 H .565(ll you ha).65 F .865 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.066(od).15 G
-3.066(oi)-3.066 G 3.066(sm)-3.066 G .566(easure the v)-3.066 F .566
-(alues re)-.25 F .566(gularly and update the database.)-.15 F .566
-(When you w)5.566 F .566(ant to vie)-.1 F(w)-.25 E .506
-(the data, recreate the GIFs and mak)108 555.6 R 3.006(es)-.1 G .506
-(ure to refresh them in your bro)-3.006 F(wser)-.25 E 3.006(.\()-.55 G
-.506(Note: just clicking reload may)-3.006 F .12
-(not be enough; Netscape in particular has a problem doing so and you')
-108 567.6 R .121(ll need to click reload while pressing)-.1 F
-(the shift k)108 579.6 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(\).).15 E F2 -7.218(UU)108 602.4
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-(Re)-9.718 E(ea)-4.438 E(al)-4.998 E(li)-2.778 E(it)-2.778 E(ty)-3.328 E
-(y)-4.998 E F0 -.8(We)108 619.2 S -1.65 -.5('v e).8 H 4.687
-(already used the `)7.687 F(`update')-.74 E 7.187('c)-.74 G 4.687
-(ommand: it took one or more parameters in the form of)-7.187 F -.74(``)
-108 631.2 S(<time>:<v).74 E(alue>')-.25 E .069('. Y)-.74 F(ou')-1.1 E
-.069(ll be glad to kno)-.1 F 2.569(wt)-.25 G .069
-(hat you can get the current time by \214lling in a `)-2.569 F(`N')-.74
-E 2.569('a)-.74 G 2.569(st)-2.569 G .069(he time.)-2.569 F
-(If you wish, you can also use the `)108 643.2 Q(`time')-.74 E 2.5('f)
--.74 G(unction in perl.)-2.5 E(The shortest e)5 E
-(xample in this doc :\))-.15 E F1(perl -e 'print time, "\\n" ')126 660 Q
-F0(Ho)108 684 Q 2.5(wy)-.25 G(ou can run a program on re)-2.5 E
-(gular interv)-.15 E(als is)-.25 E F3(OS)2.5 E F0(speci\214c. But here')
-2.5 E 2.5(sa)-.55 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(xample in pseudo code:)-2.65 E F1
-(Get the value, put it in variable "$speed")126 700.8 Q
-(rrdtool update speed.rrd N:$speed)126 712.8 Q F0 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)
-72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(7)192.34 E EP
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-(\(Do not try this with our test database, it is used in further e)108
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--.15(ve)-.25 G .355(ry \214v).15 F 2.855(em)-.15 G .355
-(inutes. When you need to kno)-2.855 F 2.855(ww)-.25 G .355
-(hat the graphics look lik)-2.855 F .355(e, run the)-.1 F -.15(ex)108
-124.8 S(amples abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(.Y).15 G
-(ou could put them in a script. After running that script, vie)-3.6 E
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-H -.1(wo)-2.78 G(or)-4.898 E(rd)-4.438 E(ds)-5.558 E 2.5(so)-3.888 G(on)
--7.498 E(n)-5.558 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -5.002(SS)2.5 G -6.496(NN)5.002
-G -8.494(MM)6.496 G -5.497(PP)8.494 G F0 2.91(Ic)108 164.4 S .41
-(an imagine v)-2.91 F .41(ery fe)-.15 F 2.91(wp)-.25 G .41
-(eople will be able to get real data from their car e)-2.91 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G .41(ry \214v).15 F 2.91(em)-.15 G .41(inutes, all other peo-)
--2.91 F .357(ple will ha)108 176.4 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.857(os).15 G
-.357(ettle for some other kind of counter)-2.857 F 2.856(.Y)-.55 G .356
-(ou could measure the number of pages printed by a)-3.956 F(printer)108
-188.4 Q 3.849(,t)-.4 G 1.349(he cof)-3.849 F 1.349(fee made by the cof)
--.25 F 1.349(fee machine, a de)-.25 F 1.35
-(vice that counts the electricity used, whate)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.45
--.55(r. A).15 H -.15(ny).55 G .223
-(incrementing counter can be monitored and graphed using the stuf)108
-200.4 R 2.722(fy)-.25 G .222(ou learned until no)-2.722 F 1.522 -.65
-(w. L)-.25 H .222(ater on we will).65 F .355
-(also be able to monitor other types of v)108 212.4 R .356(alues lik)
--.25 F 2.856(et)-.1 G 2.856(emperature. Most)-2.856 F .356
-(people will use the counter that k)2.856 F(eeps)-.1 E 1.638
-(track of octets \(bytes\) transfered by a netw)108 224.4 R 1.638
-(ork de)-.1 F 1.638(vice so we ha)-.25 F 1.937 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 4.137(od)
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-(ill start with a)-4.137 F .902(description of ho)108 236.4 R 3.402(wt)
--.25 G 3.402(oc)-3.402 G .902(ollect data.)-3.402 F .902
-(Some people will mak)5.902 F 3.402(ear)-.1 G .902
-(emark that there are tools who can do this)-3.402 F .065
-(data collection for you. The)108 248.4 R 2.564(ya)-.15 G .064
-(re right!)-2.564 F(Ho)5.064 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .864 -.4(r, I f)
-.15 H .064(eel it is important that you understand the).4 F 2.564(ya)
--.15 G .064(re not nec-)-2.564 F(essary)108 260.4 Q 5(.W)-.65 G
-(hen you ha)-5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(od).15 G(etermine wh)-2.5 E 2.5
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-(ow t)-2.5 H(he).25 E 2.5(yw)-.15 G(ork.)-2.6 E 1.101
-(One tool used in the e)108 277.2 R 1.101(xample has been talk)-.15 F
-1.101(ed about v)-.1 F 1.101(ery brie\215y in the be)-.15 F 1.101
-(ginning of this document, it is)-.15 F(called)108 289.2 Q/F3 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(SNMP)2.76 E F0 2.76(.I)C 2.76(ti)-2.76 G 2.76(saw)
--2.76 G .26(ay of talking to equipment. The tool I use belo)-2.86 F
-2.759(wi)-.25 G 2.759(sc)-2.759 G .259(alled `)-2.759 F(`snmpget')-.74 E
-2.759('a)-.74 G .259(nd this is ho)-2.759 F(w)-.25 E(it w)108 301.2 Q
-(orks:)-.1 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(snmpget device password OID)126 318 Q F0
--.15(Fo)108 342 S 2.94(rd).15 G -.25(ev)-2.94 G .44
-(ice you substitute the name, or the).25 F F3(IP)2.94 E F0 .441
-(address, of your de)2.94 F 2.941(vice. F)-.25 F .441(or passw)-.15 F
-.441(ord you use the `)-.1 F(`commu-)-.74 E .522(nity read string')108
-354 R 3.022('a)-.74 G 3.022(si)-3.022 G 3.022(ti)-3.022 G 3.022(sc)
--3.022 G .522(alled in the)-3.022 F F3(SNMP)3.022 E F0 -.1(wo)3.022 G
-3.022(rld. F).1 F .522(or some de)-.15 F .522(vices the def)-.25 F .521
-(ault of `)-.1 F(`public')-.74 E 3.021('m)-.74 G .521(ight w)-3.021 F
-(ork,)-.1 E(ho)108 366 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.504(rt).15 G .004
-(his can be disabled, altered or protected for pri)-2.504 F -.25(va)-.25
-G .305 -.15(cy a).25 H .005(nd security reasons.).15 F .005
-(Read the documentation)5.005 F(that comes with your de)108 378 Q
-(vice or program.)-.25 E(Then there is this third parameter)108 394.8 Q
-2.5(,c)-.4 G(alled)-2.5 E F3(OID)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(hich means `)-2.5 E
-(`object identi\214er')-.74 E('.)-.74 E .531
-(When you start to learn about)108 411.6 R F3(SNMP)3.03 E F0 .53
-(it looks v)3.03 F .53(ery confusing. It isn')-.15 F 3.03(ta)-.18 G .53
-(ll that dif)-3.03 F .53(\214cult when you look at the)-.25 F .118
-(Management Information Base \(")108 423.6 R F3(MIB)A F0 2.618("\). It)B
-.118(is an upside-do)2.618 F .118
-(wn tree that describes data, with a single node as)-.25 F .061
-(the root and from there a number of branches.)108 435.6 R .06
-(These branches end up in another node, the)5.061 F 2.56(yb)-.15 G .06
-(ranch out, etc.)-2.56 F .604(All the branches ha)108 447.6 R .904 -.15
-(ve a n)-.2 H .604(ame and the).15 F 3.104(yf)-.15 G .604
-(orm the path that we follo)-3.104 F 3.104(wa)-.25 G .604(ll the w)
--3.104 F .604(ay do)-.1 F 3.104(wn. The)-.25 F .604(branches that)3.104
-F .739(we follo)108 459.6 R 3.239(wa)-.25 G .739(re named: iso, or)
--3.239 F .739(g, dod, internet, mgmt and mib-2.)-.18 F .739
-(These names can also be written do)5.739 F .738(wn as)-.25 F
-(numbers and are 1 3 6 1 2 1.)108 471.6 Q F4
-(iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2 \(1.3.6.1.2.1\))126 488.4 Q F0 .547(Th\
-ere is a lot of confusion about the leading dot that some programs use.)
-108 512.4 R .547(There is)5.547 F/F5 10/Symbol SF(*)3.047 E F0(no)A F5
-(*)A F0 .547(leading dot in an)3.047 F F3(OID)108 524.4 Q F0 5.116(.H)C
--.25(ow)-5.116 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H .916 -.4(r, s).25 H .116
-(ome programs can use abo).4 F .416 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .116
-(art of OIDs as a def).15 F 2.615(ault. T)-.1 F 2.615(oi)-.8 G .115
-(ndicate the dif)-2.615 F .115(ference between)-.25 F(abbre)108 536.4 Q
-.561(viated OIDs and full OIDs the)-.25 F 3.061(yn)-.15 G .562
-(eed a leading dot when you specify the complete)-3.061 F F3(OID)3.062 E
-F0 5.562(.O)C .562(ften those)-5.562 F 1.13(programs will lea)108 548.4
-R 1.43 -.15(ve o)-.2 H 1.13(ut the def).15 F 1.13
-(ault portion when returning the data to you.)-.1 F 2.73 -.8(To m)6.13 H
-(ak).8 E 3.63(et)-.1 G 1.13(hings w)-3.63 F 1.13(orse, the)-.1 F(y)-.15
-E(ha)108 560.4 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H -2.15 -.25(ev e).15 H(ral def).25 E
-(ault pre\214x)-.1 E(es ...)-.15 E .722
-(Right, lets continue to the start of our)108 577.2 R F3(OID)3.223 E F0
-3.223(:w)C 3.223(eh)-3.223 G .723
-(ad 1.3.6.1.2.1 From there, we are especially interested in)-3.223 F
-(the branch `)108 589.2 Q(`interf)-.74 E(aces')-.1 E 2.5('w)-.74 G
-(hich has number 2 \(e)-2.5 E 2.5(g1)-.15 G
-(.3.6.1.2.1.2 or 1.3.6.1.2.1.interf)-2.5 E(aces\).)-.1 E .496
-(First, we ha)108 606 R .796 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.996(og).15 G .496
-(et some)-2.996 F F3(SNMP)2.996 E F0 .496
-(program. First look if there is a pre-compiled package a)2.996 F -.25
-(va)-.2 G .495(ilable for your).25 F F3(OS)108 618 Q F0 3.655(.T)C 1.155
-(his is the preferred w)-3.655 F(ay)-.1 E 6.155(.I)-.65 G 3.655(fn)
--6.155 G 1.155(ot, you will ha)-3.655 F 1.455 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.655(og)
-.15 G 1.155(et yourself the sources and compile those.)-3.655 F(The)
-6.156 E .277(Internet is full of sources, programs etc. Find informatio\
-n using a search engine or whate)108 630 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.777(ry).15 G
-.277(ou prefer)-2.777 F 2.777(.A)-.55 G(s)-2.777 E 2.5(as)108 642 S
-(uggestion: look for)-2.5 E F3(CMU)2.5 E F0<ad>A F3(SNMP)A F0 5(.I)C 2.5
-(ti)-5 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(ommonly used.)-2.5 E .685
-(Assume you got the program. First try to collect some data that is a)
-108 658.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .685(ilable on most systems. Remember:).25 F(\
-there is a short name for the part of the tree that interests us most i\
-n the w)108 670.8 Q(orld we li)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(n!).15 E 3.303
-(Iw)108 687.6 S .803(ill use the short v)-3.303 F .802
-(ersion as I think this document is lar)-.15 F .802
-(ge enough as it is. If that doesn')-.18 F 3.302(tw)-.18 G .802
-(ork for you,)-3.402 F .46(pre\214x with .1.3.6.1.2.1 and try ag)108
-699.6 R 2.96(ain. Also,)-.05 F .461(Read The Fine Manual.)2.961 F .461
-(Skip the parts you cannot understand)5.461 F
-(yet, you should be able to \214nd out ho)108 711.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
-(os)-2.5 G(tart the program and use it.)-2.5 E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72
-768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(8)192.34 E EP
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-BP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
-130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F/F1 10
-/Courier@0 SF(snmpget myrouter public system.sysdescr.0)126 96 Q F0 .442
-(The de)108 120 R .441
-(vice should answer with a description of itself, perhaps empty)-.25 F
-5.441(.U)-.65 G .441(ntil you got a v)-5.441 F .441(alid answer from a)
--.25 F(de)108 132 Q(vice, perhaps using a dif)-.25 E(ferent `)-.25 E
-(`passw)-.74 E(ord')-.1 E(', or a dif)-.74 E(ferent de)-.25 E
-(vice, there is no point in continuing.)-.25 E F1
-(snmpget myrouter public interfaces.ifnumber.0)126 148.8 Q F0 .13
-(Hopefully you get a number as a result, the number of interf)108 172.8
-R 2.631(aces. If)-.1 F .131(so, you can carry on and try a dif)2.631 F
-(ferent)-.25 E(program called `)108 184.8 Q(`snmpw)-.74 E(alk')-.1 E('.)
--.74 E F1(snmpwalk myrouter public interfaces.iftable.ifentry.ifdescr)
-126 201.6 Q F0(If it returns with a list of interf)108 225.6 Q
-(aces, you')-.1 E(re almost there.)-.5 E(Here')5 E 2.5(sa)-.55 G 2.5(ne)
--2.5 G(xample:)-2.65 E([user@host /home/ale)115.5 237.6 Q(x]$ snmpw)-.15
-E(alk cisco public 2.2.1.2)-.1 E F1
-(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.1 = "BRI0: B-Channel 1")126 254.4 Q
-(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.2 = "BRI0: B-Channel 2")126 266.4 Q
-(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.3 = "BRI0" Hex: 42 52 49 30)126
-278.4 Q(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.4 = "Ethernet0")126 290.4 Q
-(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.5 = "Loopback0")126 302.4 Q F0 .276
-(On this cisco equipment, I w)108 326.4 R .275(ould lik)-.1 F 2.775(et)
--.1 G 2.775(om)-2.775 G .275(onitor the `)-2.775 F(`Ethernet0')-.74 E
-2.775('i)-.74 G(nterf)-2.775 E .275(ace and see that it is number four)
--.1 F 2.775(.I)-.55 G(try:)108 338.4 Q F1
-([user@host /home/alex]$ snmpget cisco public 2.2.1.10.4 2.2.1.16.4)126
-355.2 Q(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifInOctets.4 = 2290729126)126 379.2 Q
-(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifOutOctets.4 = 1256486519)126 391.2 Q F0
-(So no)108 415.2 Q 2.5(wIh)-.25 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-2.5 H(tw)2.7 E 2.5(oO)
--.1 G(IDs to monitor and the)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
-(re \(in full, this time\):)-2.5 E F1(1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10)126 432 Q F0
-(and)108 456 Q F1(1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.16)126 472.8 Q F0
-(both with an interf)108 496.8 Q(ace number of 4.)-.1 E(Don')108 513.6 Q
-2.546(tg)-.18 G .046(et fooled, this w)-2.546 F(asn')-.1 E 2.546(tm)-.18
-G 2.546<798c>-2.546 G .046(rst try)-2.546 F 2.546(.I)-.65 G 2.546(tt)
--2.546 G .046
-(ook some time for me too to understand what all these numbers)-2.546 F
-.91(mean, it does help a lot when the)108 525.6 R 3.41(yg)-.15 G .909
-(et translated into descripti)-3.41 F 1.209 -.15(ve t)-.25 H -.15(ex).15
-G .909(t... At least, when people are talking).15 F .251
-(about MIBs and OIDs you kno)108 537.6 R 2.751(ww)-.25 G .251(hat it')
--2.751 F 2.751(sa)-.55 G .251(ll about.)-2.751 F .251(Do not for)5.251 F
-.252(get the interf)-.18 F .252(ace number \(0 if it is not inter)-.1 F
-(-)-.2 E -.1(fa)108 549.6 S(ce dependent\) and try snmpw).1 E
-(alk if you don')-.1 E 2.5(tg)-.18 G(et an answer from snmpget.)-2.5 E
-.3(If you understand abo)108 566.4 R .6 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .3
-(art, and get numbers from your de).15 F .299
-(vice, continue on with this tutorial. If not, then)-.25 F
-(go back and re-read this part.)108 578.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 14.436
--7.218(AA RR)108 601.2 T -4.438(ee)7.218 G -4.998(aa)4.438 G 5.556
--2.778(ll W)4.998 H -.75(Wo)-7.22 G(or)-4.248 E(rl)-4.438 E(ld)-2.778 E
-2.5(dE)-5.558 G(Ex)-9.168 E(xa)-4.998 E(am)-4.998 E(mp)-8.328 E(pl)
--5.558 E(le)-2.778 E(e)-4.438 E F0 .405(Let the fun be)108 618 R .405
-(gin. First, create a ne)-.15 F 2.905(wd)-.25 G .406
-(atabase. It contains data from tw)-2.905 F 2.906(oc)-.1 G .406
-(ounters, called input and output.)-2.906 F .285
-(The data is put into archi)108 630 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.785(st).15 G .285
-(hat a)-2.785 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .285(rage it. The).15 F 2.784(yt)-.15 G
-(ak)-2.784 E 2.784(e1)-.1 G 2.784(,6)-2.784 G 2.784(,2)-2.784 G 2.784
-(4o)-2.784 G 2.784(r2)-2.784 G .284(88 samples at a time.)-2.784 F(The)
-5.284 E 2.784(ya)-.15 G .284(lso go into)-2.784 F(archi)108 642 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G 2.946(st).15 G .446(hat k)-2.946 F .447
-(eep the maximum numbers. This will be e)-.1 F .447
-(xplained later on. The time in-between samples is)-.15 F
-(300 seconds, a good starting point, which is the same as \214v)108 654
-Q 2.5(em)-.15 G(inutes.)-2.5 E F1 6(1s)114 670.8 S
-(ample "averaged" stays 1 period of 5 minutes)-6 E 6(6s)114 682.8 S
-(amples averaged become one average on 30 minutes)-6 E
-(24 samples averaged become one average on 2 hours)114 694.8 Q
-(288 samples averaged become one average on 1 day)114 706.8 Q F0
-(Lets try to be compatible with)108 730.8 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(MR)2.5
-E(TG)-.54 E F0(:)A F3(MR)2.5 E(TG)-.54 E F0(stores about the follo)2.5 E
-(wing amount of data:)-.25 E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 778.8 R
-(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(9)192.34 E EP
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-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
-130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F/F1 10
-/Courier@0 SF(600 5-minute samples:)114 96 Q 18(2d)24 G(ays and 2 hours)
--18 E(600 30-minute samples:)114 108 Q(12.5 days)12 E
-(600 2-hour samples:)114 120 Q 12(50 days)30 F(600 1-day samples:)114
-132 Q 12(732 days)30 F F0 .209
-(These ranges are appended so the total amount of data k)108 156 R .209
-(ept is approximately 797 days.)-.1 F .208(RRDtool stores the)5.208 F
-.13(data dif)108 168 R(ferently)-.25 E 2.63(,i)-.65 G 2.63(td)-2.63 G
-(oesn')-2.63 E 2.63(ts)-.18 G .13(tart the `)-2.63 F(`weekly')-.74 E
-2.63('a)-.74 G(rchi)-2.63 E .43 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .13(here the `).15 F
-(`daily')-.74 E 2.63('a)-.74 G(rchi)-2.63 E .43 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.63
-(topped. F).15 F .13(or both archi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E
-(the most recent data will be near `)108 180 Q(`no)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 2.5
-('a)-.74 G(nd therefore we will need to k)-2.5 E(eep more data than)-.1
-E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(MR)2.5 E(TG)-.54 E F0(does!)2.5 E 1.6 -.8(We w)
-108 196.8 T(ill need:).8 E F1(600 samples of 5 minutes)114 213.6 Q
-(\(2 days and 2 hours\))12 E
-(700 samples of 30 minutes \(2 days and 2 hours, plus 12.5 days\))114
-225.6 Q(775 samples of 2 hours)114 237.6 Q(\(above + 50 days\))24 E
-(797 samples of 1 day)114 249.6 Q
-(\(above + 732 days, rounded up to 797\))36 E
-(rrdtool create myrouter.rrd)126 273.6 Q(\\)54 E 12
-(DS:input:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)180 285.6 R 6(DS:output:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)
-180 297.6 R 30(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:600 \\)180 309.6 R 30
-(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:6:700 \\)180 321.6 R 24(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:24:775 \\)180
-333.6 R 18(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:288:797 \\)180 345.6 R 54
-(RRA:MAX:0.5:1:600 \\)180 357.6 R 54(RRA:MAX:0.5:6:700 \\)180 369.6 R 48
-(RRA:MAX:0.5:24:775 \\)180 381.6 R(RRA:MAX:0.5:288:797)180 393.6 Q F0
-(Ne)108 417.6 Q .826
-(xt thing to do is collect data and store it. Here is an e)-.15 F 3.326
-(xample. It)-.15 F .826(is written partially in pseudo code so)3.326 F
-(you will ha)108 429.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5<6f8c>.15 G
-(nd out what to do e)-2.5 E(xactly on your)-.15 E F2(OS)2.5 E F0(to mak)
-2.5 E 2.5(ei)-.1 G 2.5(tw)-2.5 G(ork.)-2.6 E F1
-(while not the end of the universe)126 446.4 Q(do)126 458.4 Q
-(get result of)144 470.4 Q(snmpget router community 2.2.1.10.4)162 482.4
-Q(into variable $in)144 494.4 Q(get result of)144 506.4 Q
-(snmpget router community 2.2.1.16.4)162 518.4 Q(into variable $out)144
-530.4 Q(rrdtool update myrouter.rrd N:$in:$out)144 554.4 Q
-(wait for 5 minutes)144 578.4 Q(done)126 590.4 Q F0
-(Then, after collecting data for a day)108 614.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G
-(ry to create an image using:)-2.5 E F1
-(rrdtool graph myrouter-day.gif --start -86400 \\)126 631.2 Q
-(DEF:inoctets=myrouter.rrd:input:AVERAGE \\)180 643.2 Q
-(DEF:outoctets=myrouter.rrd:output:AVERAGE \\)180 655.2 Q
-(AREA:inoctets#00FF00:"In traffic" \\)180 667.2 Q
-(LINE1:outoctets#0000FF:"Out traffic")180 679.2 Q F0 .445
-(This should produce a picture with one day w)108 703.2 R .446
-(orth of traf)-.1 F 2.946(\214c. One)-.25 F .446
-(day is 24 hours of 60 minutes of 60 sec-)2.946 F 1.108(onds: 24)108
-715.2 R/F3 10/Symbol SF(*)A F0(60)A F3(*)A F0 1.108
-(60=86400, we start at no)B 3.607(wm)-.25 G 1.107(inus 86400 seconds. W)
--3.607 F 3.607(ed)-.8 G 1.107(e\214ne \(with DEFs\) inoctets and out-)
--3.607 F .36(octets as the a)108 727.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G .36(rage v).15 F
-.36(alues from the database myrouter)-.25 F .36(.rrd and dra)-.55 F 2.86
-(wa)-.15 G 2.86(na)-2.86 G .36(rea for the `)-2.86 F(`in')-.74 E 2.86
-('t)-.74 G(raf)-2.86 E .36(\214c and a line)-.25 F 154.84
-(24/Oct/99 Last)72 775.2 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(10)187.34 E EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
-130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F(for the `)
-108 96 Q(`out')-.74 E 2.5('t)-.74 G(raf)-2.5 E(\214c.)-.25 E -.6(Vi)108
-112.8 S 1.135 -.25(ew t).6 H .635(he image and k).25 F .635
-(eep logging data for a fe)-.1 F 3.135(wm)-.25 G .635(ore days.)-3.135 F
-.635(If you lik)5.635 F .635(e, you could try the e)-.1 F .635
-(xamples from)-.15 F(the test database and see if you can get v)108
-124.8 Q(arious options and calculations w)-.25 E(orking.)-.1 E
-(Suggestion:)108 141.6 Q .34
-(Display in bytes per second and in bits per second. Mak)108 158.4 R
-2.841(et)-.1 G .341(he Ethernet graphics go red if the)-2.841 F 2.841
-(ya)-.15 G .341(re o)-2.841 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.841(rf).15 G(our)-2.841 E
-(me)108 170.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(bits per second.).05 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF -7.218(CC)108 193.2 S -4.998(oo)7.218 G -5.558(nn)4.998 G -3.888(ss)
-5.558 G -4.998(oo)3.888 G -2.778(ll)4.998 G -2.778(ii)2.778 G -5.558(dd)
-2.778 G -4.998(aa)5.558 G -3.328(tt)4.998 G -2.778(ii)3.328 G -4.998(oo)
-2.778 G 11.116 -5.558(nn F)4.998 H(Fu)-.55 E(un)-5.558 E(nc)-5.558 E(ct)
--4.438 E(ti)-3.328 E(io)-2.778 E(on)-4.998 E(ns)-5.558 E(s)-3.888 E F0
-3.141(Af)108 210 S 1.141 -.25(ew p)-3.141 H .641
-(aragraphs back I mentioned the possibility of k).25 F .64
-(eeping the maximum v)-.1 F .64(alues instead of the a)-.25 F -.15(ve)
--.2 G(rage).15 E -.25(va)108 222 S(lues. Let').25 E 2.5(sg)-.55 G 2.5
-(oi)-2.5 G(nto this a bit more.)-2.5 E .802(Recall all the stuf)108
-238.8 R 3.302(fa)-.25 G .802(bout the speed of the car)-3.302 F 3.303
-(.S)-.55 G .803(uppose we dro)-3.303 F 1.103 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 3.303(t1)
-.15 G(44)-3.303 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(KM/H)3.303 E F0 .803
-(during 5 minutes and then)3.303 F 1.031
-(were stopped by the police for 25 minutes.)108 250.8 R 1.031
-(At the end of the lecture we w)6.031 F 1.031(ould tak)-.1 F 3.531(eo)
--.1 G 1.031(ur laptop and cre-)-3.531 F(ate+vie)108 262.8 Q 3.209(wt)
--.25 G .709(he image tak)-3.209 F .71
-(en from the database. If we look at the second)-.1 F F2(RRA)3.21 E F0
-.71(we did create, we w)3.21 F .71(ould ha)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.034
-(the a)108 274.8 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.034
-(rage from 6 samples. The samples measured w).15 F 1.033
-(ould be 144+0+0+0+0+0=144, di)-.1 F 1.033(vided by 30 min-)-.25 F .938
-(utes, corrected for the error by 1000, translated into)108 286.8 R F2
-(KM/H)3.439 E F0 3.439(,w)C .939(ith a result of 24)-3.439 F F2(KM/H)
-3.439 E F0 5.939(.I)C -.1(wo)-2.5 G .939(uld still get a).1 F(tick)108
-298.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(ut not for speeding an)-.2 E(ymore :\))-.15 E(Ob)108
-315.6 Q(viously)-.15 E 3.589(,i)-.65 G 3.589(nt)-3.589 G 1.089
-(his case, we shouldn')-3.589 F 3.589(tl)-.18 G 1.089(ook at the a)
--3.589 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.089(rages. In some cases the).15 F 3.589(ya)
--.15 G 1.089(re handy)-3.589 F 3.589(.I)-.65 G 3.589(fy)-3.589 G 1.089
-(ou w)-3.589 F 1.088(ant to)-.1 F(kno)108 327.6 Q 2.799(wh)-.25 G .799
--.25(ow m)-2.799 H(uch).25 E F2(KM)2.799 E F0 .299(you had tra)2.799 F
--.15(ve)-.2 G .299(led, the picture w).15 F .3
-(ould be the right one to look at. On the other hand, for)-.1 F .859
-(the speed that we tra)108 339.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G .859
-(led at, the maximum number seen is much more v).15 F .859
-(aluable. \(later we will see more)-.25 F(types\))108 351.6 Q .341
-(It is the same for data. If you w)108 368.4 R .341(ant to kno)-.1 F
-2.841(wt)-.25 G .341(he amount, look at the a)-2.841 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
-.342(rages. If you w).15 F .342(ant to kno)-.1 F 2.842(wt)-.25 G .342
-(he rate,)-2.842 F .011(look at the maximum.)108 380.4 R(Ov)5.011 E .011
-(er time, the)-.15 F 2.511(yw)-.15 G .011(ill gro)-2.511 F 2.511(wa)-.25
-G .011(part more and more. In the last database we ha)-2.511 F .311 -.15
-(ve c)-.2 H(reated,).15 E .57(there are tw)108 392.4 R 3.07(oa)-.1 G
-(rchi)-3.07 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.07(st).15 G .57(hat k)-3.07 F .57
-(eep data per day)-.1 F 3.071(.T)-.65 G .571(he archi)-3.071 F .871 -.15
-(ve t)-.25 H .571(hat k).15 F .571(eeps a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .571
-(rages will sho).15 F 3.071(wl)-.25 G 1.071 -.25(ow n)-3.071 H .571
-(umbers, the).25 F(archi)108 404.4 Q .762 -.15(ve t)-.25 H .462(hat sho)
-.15 F .461(ws maxima will ha)-.25 F .761 -.15(ve h)-.2 H .461
-(igher numbers.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.461 G 2.961(rm).15 G 2.961(yc)-2.961 G
-.461(ar this w)-2.961 F .461(ould translate in a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
-.461(rages per day).15 F .28(of 96/24=4)108 416.4 R F2(KM/H)2.78 E F0
-.28(\(as I tra)2.78 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.78(la).15 G .28
-(bout 94 kilometers on a day\) during week days, and maximum of 120)
--2.78 F F2(KM/H)2.781 E F0(on weekdays \(my top speed that I reach e)108
-428.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry day\).).15 E .207(Big dif)108 445.2 R .206(fe\
-rence. Do not look at the second graph to estimate the distances that I\
- tra)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.706(la).15 G .206(nd do not look at the)
--2.706 F .67(\214rst graph to estimate my speed. This will w)108 457.2 R
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--.2 G .866(led a distance of 60).15 F F2(KM/H)108 510 Q F0 1.495
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--.25 G .133(imes for g)-2.633 F .133(as and cof)-.05 F .133(fee. Dri)
--.25 F .433 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(lo).15 E .133(wly through Austria and)-.25
-F .244
-(the Netherlands. Be careful in the mountains and villages. If you w)108
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--.15(ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, t).15 H .16(his tak).4 F .16
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--.25 H .498
-(he temperature from my router in three places namely the inlet,).15 F
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--.25 F .715(ould be asking for the temperature change per second.)-.1 F
-(Hope-)5.716 E
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--.18 G(no)-3.047 E 3.047(ww)-.25 G .547(here we started. It w)-3.047 F
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-(There are a fe)108 241.2 R 2.717(wm)-.25 G .217(ore basics to sho)
--2.717 F 1.517 -.65(w. S)-.25 H .217
-(ome important options are still to be co).65 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .217
-(red and we ha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(n').15 E 2.717(tl)-.18 G .217(ook at)
--2.717 F .081(counter wraps yet. First the counter wrap: In our car we \
-notice that our counter sho)108 253.2 R .082(ws 999987. W)-.25 F 2.582
-(et)-.8 G(ra)-2.582 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.582(l2).15 G(0)-2.582 E F1(KM)108
-265.2 Q F0 1.35(and the counter should go to 1000007. Unfortunately)
-3.851 F 3.85(,t)-.65 G 1.35
-(here are only six digits on our counter so it)-3.85 F .313(really sho)
-108 277.2 R .313(ws 000007. If we w)-.25 F .314
-(ould plot that on a type)-.1 F F1(DERIVE)2.814 E F0 2.814(,i)C 2.814
-(tw)-2.814 G .314(ould mean that the counter w)-2.914 F .314
-(as set back)-.1 F(999980)108 289.2 Q F1(KM)3.593 E F0 3.593(.I)C 3.593
-(tw)-3.593 G(asn')-3.693 E 1.093(t, and there has to be some protection\
- for this. This protection is only a)-.18 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.092
-(ilable for).25 F(type)108 301.2 Q F1(COUNTER)3.124 E F0 .624
-(which should be used for this kind of counter an)3.124 F(yw)-.15 E .625
-(ays. Ho)-.1 F 3.125(wd)-.25 G .625(oes it w)-3.125 F .625(ork ? T)-.1 F
-.625(ype counter)-.8 F .741(should ne)108 313.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.241
-(rd).15 G .741(ecrease and therefore RRDtool must assume it wrapped if \
-it does decrease !)-3.241 F .74(If the delta is)5.74 F(ne)108 325.2 Q
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.461(,t).15 G .961
-(his can be compensated for by adding the maximum v)-3.461 F .961
-(alue of the counter + 1. F)-.25 F .961(or our car this)-.15 F -.1(wo)
-108 337.2 S(uld be:).1 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF
-(Delta = 7 - 999987 = -999980)114 354 Q
-(\(instead of 1000007-999987=20\))24 E
-(Real delta = -999980 + 999999 + 1 = 20)114 378 Q F0 .531
-(At the time of writing this document, RRDtool kno)108 402 R .53
-(ws of counters that are either 32 bits or 64 bits of size.)-.25 F
-(These counters can handle the follo)108 414 Q(wing dif)-.25 E(ferent v)
--.25 E(alues:)-.25 E F3 6(-3)114 430.8 S 6(2b)-6 G(its: 0 ..)-6 E
-(4294967295)66 E 6(-6)114 442.8 S 6(4b)-6 G
-(its: 0 .. 18446744073709551615)-6 E F0
-(If these numbers look strange to you, you w)108 466.8 Q(ould lik)-.1 E
-2.5(et)-.1 G 2.5(ov)-2.5 G(ie)-2.5 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(hem in their he)-2.5
-E(xadecimal form:)-.15 E F3 6(-3)114 483.6 S 6(2b)-6 G(its: 0 ..)-6 E
-(FFFFFFFF)54 E 6(-6)114 495.6 S 6(4b)-6 G(its: 0 .. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)-6
-E F0 .553(RRDtool handles both counters the same. If an o)108 519.6 R
--.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 3.054(wo)-.25 G .554(ccurs and the delta w)
--3.054 F .554(ould be ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-3.054(,R).15 G(RDtool)-3.054 E .137(\214rst adds the maximum of a small\
- counter + 1 to the delta. If the delta is still ne)108 531.6 R -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.637(,i).15 G 2.637(th)-2.637 G .137
-(ad to be the lar)-2.637 F(ge)-.18 E 1.03
-(counter that wrapped. Add the maximum possible v)108 543.6 R 1.031
-(alue of the lar)-.25 F 1.031(ge counter + 1 and subtract the f)-.18 F
-(alsely)-.1 E .454(added small v)108 555.6 R 2.954(alue. There)-.25 F
-.453(is a risk in this: suppose the lar)2.953 F .453
-(ge counter wrapped while adding a huge delta, it)-.18 F .027
-(could happen in theory that adding the smaller v)108 567.6 R .028
-(alue w)-.25 F .028(ould mak)-.1 F 2.528(et)-.1 G .028(he delta positi)
--2.528 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.528(.I).15 G 2.528(nt)-2.528 G .028(his unlik)
--2.528 F .028(ely case the)-.1 F .49(results w)108 579.6 R .49(ould not\
- be correct. The increase should be nearly as high as the maximum count\
-er v)-.1 F .49(alue for that)-.25 F .293(to happen so chances are you w)
-108 591.6 R .293(ould ha)-.1 F .593 -.15(ve s)-.2 H -2.15 -.25(ev e).15
-H .293(ral other problems as well and this particular problem w).25 F
-(ould)-.1 E 1.129(not e)108 603.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.629(nb).15 G 3.629
-(ew)-3.629 G 1.129(orth thinking about. Ev)-3.729 F 1.129
-(en though I did include an e)-.15 F 1.128
-(xample of it so you can judge that for)-.15 F(yourself.)108 615.6 Q
-.055(The ne)108 632.4 R .055(xt section gi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.555
-(sy).15 G .055(ou some numerical e)-2.555 F .055(xamples for counter)
--.15 F 2.555(-wraps. T)-.2 F .056(ry to do the calculations yourself)
--.35 F(or just belie)108 644.4 Q .3 -.15(ve m)-.25 H 2.5(ei).15 G 2.5
-(fy)-2.5 G(our calculator can')-2.5 E 2.5(th)-.18 G
-(andle the numbers :\))-2.5 E(Correction numbers:)108 661.2 Q F3 6(-3)
-114 678 S 6(2b)-6 G(its: \(4294967295+1\) =)-6 E(4294967296)198 E 6(-6)
-114 690 S 6(4b)-6 G
-(its: \(18446744073709551615+1\)-correction1 = 18446744069414584320)-6 E
-F0 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(14)187.34 E EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
-130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F/F1 10
-/Courier@0 SF 42(Before: 4294967200)114 96 R 72(Increase: 100)114 108 R
-(Should become: 4294967300)114 120 Q(But really is:)114 132 Q(4)60 E 42
-(Delta: -4294967196)114 144 R 6(Correction1: -4294967196)114 156 R
-(+4294967296 = 100)6 E 42(Before: 18446744073709551000)114 180 R 132
-(Increase: 800)114 192 R(Should become: 18446744073709551800)114 204 Q
-(But really is:)114 216 Q(184)108 E 42(Delta: -18446744073709550816)114
-228 R 6(Correction1: -18446744073709550816)114 240 R
-(+4294967296 = -18446744069414583520)6 E 6
-(Correction2: -18446744069414583520)114 252 R
-(+18446744069414584320 = 800)6 E 42(Before: 18446744073709551615)114 276
-R 6(\(m)6 G(aximum value \))-6 E 30(Increase: 18446744069414584320)114
-288 R 6(\(a)6 G(bsurd increase, minimum for)-6 E
-(Should become: 36893488143124135935)114 300 Q(this example to work \))
-78 E(But really is: 18446744069414584319)114 312 Q 102
-(Delta: -4294967296)114 324 R 6(Correction1: -4294967296)114 336 R 6(+4)
-6 G(294967296 = 0)-6 E(\(not negative -> no correction2\))114 348 Q 42
-(Before: 18446744073709551615)114 372 R 6(\(m)6 G(aximum value \))-6 E
-30(Increase: 18446744069414584319)114 384 R 6(\(o)6 G
-(ne less increase \))-6 E(Should become: 36893488143124135934)114 396 Q
-(But really is: 18446744069414584318)114 408 Q 102(Delta: -4294967297)
-114 420 R 6(Correction1: -4294967297)114 432 R(+4294967296 = -1)6 E 6
-(Correction2: -1)114 444 R(+18446744069414584320 = 18446744069414584319)
-6 E F0 .929(As you can see from the last tw)108 468 R 3.429(oe)-.1 G
-.929(xamples, you need strange numbers for RRDtool to f)-3.579 F .928
-(ail \(pro)-.1 F .928(vided it')-.15 F(s)-.55 E -.2(bu)108 480 S 3.107
-(gf).2 G .608(ree of course\) so this should not happen.)-3.107 F(Ho)
-5.608 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
-(SNMP)3.508 E F0 .608(or whate)3.108 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.108(rm).15 G
-.608(ethod you choose to collect)-3.108 F 1.486
-(the data might also report wrong numbers occasionally)108 492 R 6.486
-(.W)-.65 G 3.986(ec)-7.286 G(an')-3.986 E 3.986(tp)-.18 G(re)-3.986 E
--.15(ve)-.25 G 1.485(nt all errors b).15 F 1.485(ut there are some)-.2 F
-.47(things we can do.)108 504 R .47(The RRDtool `)5.47 F(`create')-.74 E
-2.971('c)-.74 G .471(ommand tak)-2.971 F .471(es tw)-.1 F 2.971(os)-.1 G
-.471(pecial parameters for this. The)-2.971 F 2.971(yd)-.15 G .471
-(e\214ne the)-2.971 F .083(minimum and maximum allo)108 516 R .083
-(wed v)-.25 F .083(alue. Until no)-.25 F 1.383 -.65(w, w)-.25 H 2.583
-(eu).65 G .083(sed `)-2.583 F(`U')-.74 E .083(', meaning `)-.74 F
-(`unkno)-.74 E(wn')-.25 E .082('. If you pro)-.74 F .082(vide v)-.15 F
-(al-)-.25 E .204(ues for one or both of them and if RRDtool recei)108
-528 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.704(sv).15 G .204
-(alues that are outside these limits, it will ignore those)-2.954 F -.25
-(va)108 540 S .882(lues. F).25 F .882(or a thermometer in de)-.15 F .882
-(grees Celsius, the absolute minimum is just under \255273. F)-.15 F
-.881(or my router)-.15 F 3.381(,I)-.4 G .009
-(can assume this minimum is much higher so I w)108 552 R .01
-(ould say it is 10. The maximum temperature for my router I)-.1 F -.1
-(wo)108 564 S .232(uld state as 80. An).1 F 2.732(yh)-.15 G .232
-(igher and the de)-2.732 F .232(vice w)-.25 F .232(ould be out of order)
--.1 F 5.232(.F)-.55 G .232(or my car)-5.382 F 2.732(,Iw)-.4 G .232
-(ould ne)-2.832 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.731(re).15 G .231(xpect ne)-2.881 F
-(g-)-.15 E(ati)108 576 Q 1.106 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .806
-(umbers and also I w).15 F .806(ould not e)-.1 F .807
-(xpect numbers to be higher than 230. An)-.15 F .807
-(ything else, and there must)-.15 F(ha)108 588 Q .656 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
-.356(een an error).15 F 2.856(.R)-.55 G .356(emember: the opposite is n\
-ot true, if the numbers pass this check it doesn')-2.856 F 2.855(tm)-.18
-G .355(ean that)-2.855 F(the)108 600 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re correct. Al)-2.5
-E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys judge the graph with a health).1 E 2.5(yd)-.05 G
-(ose of paranoia if it looks weird.)-2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -7.218
-(DD)108 622.8 S -4.998(aa)7.218 G -3.328(tt)4.998 G 9.996 -4.998(aa R)
-3.328 H(Re)-2.22 E(es)-4.438 E(sa)-3.888 E(am)-4.998 E(mp)-8.328 E(pl)
--5.558 E(li)-2.778 E(in)-2.778 E(ng)-5.558 E(g)-4.998 E F0 .57
-(One important feature of RRDtool has not been e)108 639.6 R .57
-(xplained yet: It is virtually impossible to collect the data)-.15 F
-.511(and feed it into RRDtool on e)108 651.6 R .511(xact interv)-.15 F
-.51(als. RRDtool therefore interpolates the data so it is on e)-.25 F
-.51(xact inter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -.25(va)108 663.6 S(ls. If you do not kno)
-.25 E 2.5(ww)-.25 G(hat this means or ho)-2.5 E 2.5(wi)-.25 G 2.5(tw)
--2.5 G(orks, then here')-2.6 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(he help you seek:)-2.5 E
-1.369(Suppose a counter increases with e)108 680.4 R 1.369
-(xactly one for e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.369(ry second. Y).15 F 1.37
-(ou w)-1.1 F 1.37(ant to measure it in 300 seconds)-.1 F(interv)108
-692.4 Q .333(als. Y)-.25 F .333(ou should retrie)-1.1 F .633 -.15(ve v)
--.25 H .333(alues that are e)-.1 F .333(xactly 300 apart. Ho)-.15 F(we)
--.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.132 -.4(r, d).15 H .332(ue to v).4 F .332
-(arious circumstances you)-.25 F .607(are a fe)108 704.4 R 3.107(ws)-.25
-G .607(econds late and the interv)-3.107 F .608
-(al is 303. The delta will also be 303 in that case. Ob)-.25 F .608
-(viously RRDtool)-.15 F 1.053
-(should not put 303 in the database and mak)108 716.4 R 3.553(ey)-.1 G
-1.053(ou belie)-3.553 F 1.353 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.052
-(hat the counter increased 303 in 300 seconds.).15 F .193
-(This is where RRDtool interpolates: it alters the 303 v)108 728.4 R
-.193(alue as if it w)-.25 F .193(ould ha)-.1 F .493 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .193
-(een stored earlier and it will).15 F 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 776.4 R
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
-130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F .533
-(be 300 in 300 seconds.)108 96 R(Ne)5.533 E .533(xt time you are at e)
--.15 F .533(xactly the right time. This means that the current interv)
--.15 F .533(al is)-.25 F .671
-(297 seconds and also the counter increased with 297. Ag)108 108 R .671
-(ain RRDtool alters the v)-.05 F .671(alue and stores 300 as it)-.25 F
-(should be.)108 120 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(in the RDD)144 136.8 Q
-(in reality)102 E 12(time+000: 0)114 160.8 R 12(delta="U" time+000:)6 F
-6(0d)24 G(elta="U")-6 E(time+300: 300 delta=300)114 172.8 Q 6
-(time+300: 300)18 F(delta=300)6 E(time+600: 600 delta=300)114 184.8 Q 6
-(time+603: 603)18 F(delta=303)6 E(time+900: 900 delta=300)114 196.8 Q 6
-(time+900: 900)18 F(delta=297)6 E F0(Let')108 220.8 Q 2.877(sc)-.55 G
-.377(reate tw)-2.877 F 2.877(oi)-.1 G .377(dentical databases. I')-2.877
-F .677 -.15(ve c)-.5 H .377
-(hosen the time range 920805000 to 920805900 as this goes v).15 F(ery)
--.15 E(well with the e)108 232.8 Q(xample numbers.)-.15 E F1
-(rrdtool create seconds1.rrd)126 249.6 Q(\\)18 E(--start 920804700)144
-261.6 Q(\\)60 E(DS:seconds:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)144 273.6 Q
-(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:24)144 285.6 Q
-(for Unix: cp seconds1.rrd seconds2.rrd)126 309.6 Q(for Dos:)126 321.6 Q
-(copy seconds1.rrd seconds2.rrd)12 E(for vms:)126 333.6 Q
-(how would I know :\))12 E(rrdtool update seconds1.rrd \\)126 357.6 Q
-(920805000:000 920805300:300 920805600:600 920805900:900)144 369.6 Q
-(rrdtool update seconds2.rrd \\)126 381.6 Q
-(920805000:000 920805300:300 920805603:603 920805900:900)144 393.6 Q
-(rrdtool graph seconds1.gif)126 417.6 Q(\\)138 E
-(--start 920804700 --end 920806200)144 429.6 Q(\\)78 E(--height 200)144
-441.6 Q(\\)204 E(--upper-limit 1.05 --lower-limit 0.95 --rigid \\)144
-453.6 Q 30(DEF:seconds=seconds1.rrd:seconds:AVERAGE \\)144 465.6 R 132
-(CDEF:unknown=seconds,UN \\)144 477.6 R 150(LINE2:seconds#0000FF \\)144
-489.6 R(AREA:unknown#FF0000)144 501.6 Q(rrdtool graph seconds2.gif)126
-513.6 Q(\\)138 E(--start 920804700 --end 920806200)144 525.6 Q(\\)78 E
-(--height 200)144 537.6 Q(\\)204 E
-(--upper-limit 1.05 --lower-limit 0.95 --rigid \\)144 549.6 Q 30
-(DEF:seconds=seconds2.rrd:seconds:AVERAGE \\)144 561.6 R 132
-(CDEF:unknown=seconds,UN \\)144 573.6 R 150(LINE2:seconds#0000FF \\)144
-585.6 R(AREA:unknown#FF0000)144 597.6 Q F0(Both graphs should sho)108
-621.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he same.)-2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -8.998(WW)72
-638.4 S -6.496(RR)8.998 G -6.496(AA)6.496 G -5.497(PP)6.496 G -6.496(UU)
-5.497 G -5.497(PP)6.496 G F0(It')108 650.4 Q 3.206(st)-.55 G .706
-(ime to wrap up this document. Y)-3.206 F .706(ou no)-1.1 F 3.206(wk)
--.25 G(no)-3.206 E 3.206(wa)-.25 G .706(ll the basics to be able to w)
--3.206 F .707(ork with RRDtool and to)-.1 F .384
-(read the documentation a)108 662.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G 2.883(ilable. There)
-.25 F .383(is plenty more to disco)2.883 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.883(ra).15 G
-.383(bout RRDtool and you will \214nd more)-2.883 F .401
-(and more uses for the package. Y)108 674.4 R .401
-(ou could create easy graphics using just the e)-1.1 F .402(xamples pro)
--.15 F .402(vided and using)-.15 F(only RRDtool. Y)108 686.4 Q
-(ou could also use the front ends that are a)-1.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G
-(ilable.).25 E F2 -8.494(MM)72 703.2 S -6.496(AA)8.494 G -3.499(II)6.496
-G -6.001(LL)3.499 G -3.499(II)6.001 G -6.496(NN)3.499 G -7(GG)6.496 G
--6.001(LL)7 G -3.499(II)6.001 G -5.002(SS)3.499 G -6.001(TT)5.002 G F0
-.683(Remember to subscribe to the mailing-list. Ev)108 715.2 R .682
-(en if you are not answering the mails that come by)-.15 F 3.182(,i)-.65
-G 3.182(th)-3.182 G(elps)-3.182 E 1.574
-(both you and the rest. A lot of the stuf)108 727.2 R 4.075(ft)-.25 G
-1.575(hat I kno)-4.075 F 4.075(wa)-.25 G 1.575(bout MR)-4.075 F 1.575
-(TG \(and therefore about RRDtool\) I')-.6 F -.15(ve)-.5 G 154.84
-(24/Oct/99 Last)72 775.2 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(16)187.34 E EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
-130.862(rrdtool RRDTUT)133.362 F -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F .289(learne\
-d while just reading the list without posting to it. I did not need to \
-ask the basic questions as the)108 96 R 2.789(ya)-.15 G(re)-2.789 E .943
-(answered in the F)108 108 R 2.043 -.55(AQ \()-.74 H .943
-(read it!\) and in v).55 F .943(arious mails by other users.)-.25 F -.4
-(Wi)5.943 G .943(th thousands of users all o).4 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.444
-(rt).15 G(he)-3.444 E -.1(wo)108 120 S .457(rld, there will al).1 F -.1
-(wa)-.1 G .457(ys be people who ask questions that you can answer becau\
-se you read this and other).1 F(documentation and the)108 132 Q 2.5(yd)
--.15 G(idn')-2.5 E(t.)-.18 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -5.002(SS)72 148.8 S
--6.001(EE)5.002 G 12.002 -6.001(EE A)6.001 H(AL)-.495 E(LS)-6.001 E(SO)
--5.002 E(O)-7 E F0(The RRDtool manpages)108 160.8 Q F1 10.292 -6.496
-(AA UU)72 177.6 T -6.001(TT)6.496 G -7(HH)6.001 G -7(OO)7 G -6.496(RR)7
-G F0 3.306(Ih)108 189.6 S .806(ope you enjo)-3.306 F .806(yed the e)-.1
-F .807(xamples and their descriptions. If you do, help other people by \
-pointing them to)-.15 F .96(this document when the)108 201.6 R 3.46(ya)
--.15 G .96(re asking basic questions. The)-3.46 F 3.459(yw)-.15 G .959
-(ill not only get their answer b)-3.459 F .959(ut at the same)-.2 F
-(time learn a whole lot more.)108 213.6 Q(Ale)108 230.4 Q 2.5(xv)-.15 G
-(an den Bog)-2.75 E(aerdt <ale)-.05 E(x@er)-.15 E(gens.op.het.net>)-.18
-E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(17)187.34 E EP
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