Code

Make git-mv a builtin
authorJohannes Schindelin <Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de>
Wed, 26 Jul 2006 01:52:35 +0000 (03:52 +0200)
committerJunio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Wed, 26 Jul 2006 20:36:36 +0000 (13:36 -0700)
This also moves add_file_to_index() to read-cache.c. Oh, and while
touching builtin-add.c, it also removes a duplicate git_config() call.

Signed-off-by: Johannes Schindelin <Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Makefile
builtin-add.c
builtin-mv.c [new file with mode: 0644]
builtin.h
cache.h
git-mv.perl [deleted file]
git.c
read-cache.c

index 49eaa10b3be884a2aebdcea51ca50d0018e869f5..73733e9025ac40708e70a2daa092744cef138708 100644 (file)
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ SCRIPT_PERL = \
        git-archimport.perl git-cvsimport.perl git-relink.perl \
        git-shortlog.perl git-rerere.perl \
        git-annotate.perl git-cvsserver.perl \
-       git-svnimport.perl git-mv.perl git-cvsexportcommit.perl \
+       git-svnimport.perl git-cvsexportcommit.perl \
        git-send-email.perl git-svn.perl
 
 SCRIPT_PYTHON = \
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ BUILT_INS = git-log$X git-whatchanged$X git-show$X git-update-ref$X \
        git-read-tree$X git-commit-tree$X git-write-tree$X \
        git-apply$X git-show-branch$X git-diff-files$X git-update-index$X \
        git-diff-index$X git-diff-stages$X git-diff-tree$X git-cat-file$X \
-       git-fmt-merge-msg$X git-prune$X
+       git-fmt-merge-msg$X git-prune$X git-mv$X
 
 # what 'all' will build and 'install' will install, in gitexecdir
 ALL_PROGRAMS = $(PROGRAMS) $(SIMPLE_PROGRAMS) $(SCRIPTS)
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ LIB_H = \
        blob.h cache.h commit.h csum-file.h delta.h \
        diff.h object.h pack.h pkt-line.h quote.h refs.h \
        run-command.h strbuf.h tag.h tree.h git-compat-util.h revision.h \
-       tree-walk.h log-tree.h dir.h
+       tree-walk.h log-tree.h dir.h path-list.h
 
 DIFF_OBJS = \
        diff.o diff-lib.o diffcore-break.o diffcore-order.o \
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ LIB_OBJS = \
        server-info.o setup.o sha1_file.o sha1_name.o strbuf.o \
        tag.o tree.o usage.o config.o environment.o ctype.o copy.o \
        fetch-clone.o revision.o pager.o tree-walk.o xdiff-interface.o \
-       alloc.o merge-file.o $(DIFF_OBJS)
+       alloc.o merge-file.o path-list.o $(DIFF_OBJS)
 
 BUILTIN_OBJS = \
        builtin-log.o builtin-help.o builtin-count.o builtin-diff.o builtin-push.o \
@@ -248,7 +248,8 @@ BUILTIN_OBJS = \
        builtin-apply.o builtin-show-branch.o builtin-diff-files.o \
        builtin-diff-index.o builtin-diff-stages.o builtin-diff-tree.o \
        builtin-cat-file.o builtin-mailsplit.o builtin-stripspace.o \
-       builtin-update-ref.o builtin-fmt-merge-msg.o builtin-prune.o
+       builtin-update-ref.o builtin-fmt-merge-msg.o builtin-prune.o \
+       builtin-mv.o
 
 GITLIBS = $(LIB_FILE) $(XDIFF_LIB)
 LIBS = $(GITLIBS) -lz
index 3a73a173f729e0ca75e650779773316e8ae3fe98..72d2853176f9c6d8b7c678bce64f5f482c2c5345 100644 (file)
@@ -82,45 +82,6 @@ static void fill_directory(struct dir_struct *dir, const char **pathspec)
                prune_directory(dir, pathspec, baselen);
 }
 
-static int add_file_to_index(const char *path, int verbose)
-{
-       int size, namelen;
-       struct stat st;
-       struct cache_entry *ce;
-
-       if (lstat(path, &st))
-               die("%s: unable to stat (%s)", path, strerror(errno));
-
-       if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && !S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
-               die("%s: can only add regular files or symbolic links", path);
-
-       namelen = strlen(path);
-       size = cache_entry_size(namelen);
-       ce = xcalloc(1, size);
-       memcpy(ce->name, path, namelen);
-       ce->ce_flags = htons(namelen);
-       fill_stat_cache_info(ce, &st);
-
-       ce->ce_mode = create_ce_mode(st.st_mode);
-       if (!trust_executable_bit) {
-               /* If there is an existing entry, pick the mode bits
-                * from it.
-                */
-               int pos = cache_name_pos(path, namelen);
-               if (pos >= 0)
-                       ce->ce_mode = active_cache[pos]->ce_mode;
-       }
-
-       if (index_path(ce->sha1, path, &st, 1))
-               die("unable to index file %s", path);
-       if (add_cache_entry(ce, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD))
-               die("unable to add %s to index",path);
-       if (verbose)
-               printf("add '%s'\n", path);
-       cache_tree_invalidate_path(active_cache_tree, path);
-       return 0;
-}
-
 static struct lock_file lock_file;
 
 int cmd_add(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp)
@@ -159,7 +120,6 @@ int cmd_add(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp)
                }
                die(builtin_add_usage);
        }
-       git_config(git_default_config);
        pathspec = get_pathspec(prefix, argv + i);
 
        fill_directory(&dir, pathspec);
diff --git a/builtin-mv.c b/builtin-mv.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..593ff9e
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+/*
+ * "git mv" builtin command
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2006 Johannes Schindelin
+ */
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+#include "dir.h"
+#include "cache-tree.h"
+#include "path-list.h"
+
+static const char builtin_mv_usage[] =
+"git-mv [-n] [-f] (<source> <destination> | [-k] <source>... <destination>)";
+
+static const char **copy_pathspec(const char *prefix, const char **pathspec,
+                                 int count, int base_name)
+{
+       const char **result = xmalloc((count + 1) * sizeof(const char *));
+       memcpy(result, pathspec, count * sizeof(const char *));
+       result[count] = NULL;
+       if (base_name) {
+               int i;
+               for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                       const char *last_slash = strrchr(result[i], '/');
+                       if (last_slash)
+                               result[i] = last_slash + 1;
+               }
+       }
+       return get_pathspec(prefix, result);
+}
+
+static void show_list(const char *label, struct path_list *list)
+{
+       if (list->nr > 0) {
+               int i;
+               printf("%s", label);
+               for (i = 0; i < list->nr; i++)
+                       printf("%s%s", i > 0 ? ", " : "", list->items[i].path);
+               putchar('\n');
+       }
+}
+
+static struct lock_file lock_file;
+
+int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp)
+{
+       int i, newfd, count;
+       int verbose = 0, show_only = 0, force = 0, ignore_errors = 0;
+       const char *prefix = setup_git_directory();
+       const char **source, **destination, **dest_path;
+       struct stat st;
+       struct path_list overwritten = {NULL, 0, 0, 0};
+       struct path_list src_for_dst = {NULL, 0, 0, 0};
+       struct path_list added = {NULL, 0, 0, 0};
+       struct path_list deleted = {NULL, 0, 0, 0};
+       struct path_list changed = {NULL, 0, 0, 0};
+
+       git_config(git_default_config);
+
+       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file, get_index_file());
+       if (newfd < 0)
+               die("unable to create new index file");
+
+       if (read_cache() < 0)
+               die("index file corrupt");
+
+       for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+               const char *arg = argv[i];
+
+               if (arg[0] != '-')
+                       break;
+               if (!strcmp(arg, "--")) {
+                       i++;
+                       break;
+               }
+               if (!strcmp(arg, "-n")) {
+                       show_only = 1;
+                       continue;
+               }
+               if (!strcmp(arg, "-f")) {
+                       force = 1;
+                       continue;
+               }
+               if (!strcmp(arg, "-k")) {
+                       ignore_errors = 1;
+                       continue;
+               }
+               die(builtin_mv_usage);
+       }
+       count = argc - i - 1;
+       if (count < 1)
+               usage(builtin_mv_usage);
+
+       source = copy_pathspec(prefix, argv + i, count, 0);
+       dest_path = copy_pathspec(prefix, argv + argc - 1, 1, 0);
+
+       if (!lstat(dest_path[0], &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+               destination = copy_pathspec(dest_path[0], argv + i, count, 1);
+       else {
+               if (count != 1)
+                       usage(builtin_mv_usage);
+               destination = dest_path;
+       }
+
+       /* Checking */
+       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+               const char *bad = NULL;
+
+               if (show_only)
+                       printf("Checking rename of '%s' to '%s'\n",
+                               source[i], destination[i]);
+
+               if (lstat(source[i], &st) < 0)
+                       bad = "bad source";
+               else if (lstat(destination[i], &st) == 0) {
+                       bad = "destination exists";
+                       if (force) {
+                               /*
+                                * only files can overwrite each other:
+                                * check both source and destination
+                                */
+                               if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
+                                       fprintf(stderr, "Warning: %s;"
+                                                       " will overwrite!\n",
+                                                       bad);
+                                       bad = NULL;
+                                       path_list_insert(destination[i],
+                                                       &overwritten);
+                               } else
+                                       bad = "Cannot overwrite";
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (!bad &&
+                   !strncmp(destination[i], source[i], strlen(source[i])))
+                       bad = "can not move directory into itself";
+
+               if (!bad && cache_name_pos(source[i], strlen(source[i])) < 0)
+                       bad = "not under version control";
+
+               if (!bad) {
+                       if (path_list_has_path(&src_for_dst, destination[i]))
+                               bad = "multiple sources for the same target";
+                       else
+                               path_list_insert(destination[i], &src_for_dst);
+               }
+
+               if (bad) {
+                       if (ignore_errors) {
+                               if (--count > 0) {
+                                       memmove(source + i, source + i + 1,
+                                               (count - i) * sizeof(char *));
+                                       memmove(destination + i,
+                                               destination + i + 1,
+                                               (count - i) * sizeof(char *));
+                               }
+                       } else
+                               die ("Error: %s, source=%s, destination=%s",
+                                    bad, source[i], destination[i]);
+               }
+       }
+
+       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+               if (show_only || verbose)
+                       printf("Renaming %s to %s\n",
+                              source[i], destination[i]);
+               if (!show_only &&
+                   rename(source[i], destination[i]) < 0 &&
+                   !ignore_errors)
+                       die ("renaming %s failed: %s",
+                            source[i], strerror(errno));
+
+               if (cache_name_pos(source[i], strlen(source[i])) >= 0) {
+                       path_list_insert(source[i], &deleted);
+
+                       /* destination can be a directory with 1 file inside */
+                       if (path_list_has_path(&overwritten, destination[i]))
+                               path_list_insert(destination[i], &changed);
+                       else
+                               path_list_insert(destination[i], &added);
+               } else
+                       path_list_insert(destination[i], &added);
+       }
+
+        if (show_only) {
+               show_list("Changed  : ", &changed);
+               show_list("Adding   : ", &added);
+               show_list("Deleting : ", &deleted);
+       } else {
+               for (i = 0; i < changed.nr; i++) {
+                       const char *path = changed.items[i].path;
+                       int i = cache_name_pos(path, strlen(path));
+                       struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
+
+                       if (i < 0)
+                               die ("Huh? Cache entry for %s unknown?", path);
+                       refresh_cache_entry(ce, 0);
+               }
+
+               for (i = 0; i < added.nr; i++) {
+                       const char *path = added.items[i].path;
+                       add_file_to_index(path, verbose);
+               }
+
+               for (i = 0; i < deleted.nr; i++) {
+                       const char *path = deleted.items[i].path;
+                       remove_file_from_cache(path);
+               }
+
+               if (active_cache_changed) {
+                       if (write_cache(newfd, active_cache, active_nr) ||
+                           close(newfd) ||
+                           commit_lock_file(&lock_file))
+                               die("Unable to write new index file");
+               }
+       }
+
+       return 0;
+}
index 5339d8627f48a44e3fbf3c81a0790bc467ccd459..6f3a43957c97677ae42a136dbfe292c0abeeba26 100644 (file)
--- a/builtin.h
+++ b/builtin.h
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ extern int cmd_rev_parse(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp);
 extern int cmd_update_index(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp);
 extern int cmd_update_ref(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp);
 extern int cmd_fmt_merge_msg(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp);
+extern int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp);
 
 extern int cmd_write_tree(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp);
 extern int write_tree(unsigned char *sha1, int missing_ok, const char *prefix);
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index d0b1f2730f7bcc7232825b45905240a85a979141..c575b8a9962d4eec64e91b1b0df38e60b20df288 100644 (file)
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@ extern int add_cache_entry(struct cache_entry *ce, int option);
 extern struct cache_entry *refresh_cache_entry(struct cache_entry *ce, int really);
 extern int remove_cache_entry_at(int pos);
 extern int remove_file_from_cache(const char *path);
+extern int add_file_to_index(const char *path, int verbose);
 extern int ce_same_name(struct cache_entry *a, struct cache_entry *b);
 extern int ce_match_stat(struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st, int);
 extern int ce_modified(struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st, int);
diff --git a/git-mv.perl b/git-mv.perl
deleted file mode 100755 (executable)
index 75aa8fe..0000000
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,250 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl
-#
-# Copyright 2005, Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com>
-#                 Josef Weidendorfer <Josef.Weidendorfer@gmx.de>
-#
-# This file is licensed under the GPL v2, or a later version
-# at the discretion of Linus Torvalds.
-
-
-use warnings;
-use strict;
-use Getopt::Std;
-
-sub usage() {
-       print <<EOT;
-$0 [-f] [-n] <source> <destination>
-$0 [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> ... <destination directory>
-EOT
-       exit(1);
-}
-
-our ($opt_n, $opt_f, $opt_h, $opt_k, $opt_v);
-getopts("hnfkv") || usage;
-usage() if $opt_h;
-@ARGV >= 1 or usage;
-
-my $GIT_DIR = `git rev-parse --git-dir`;
-exit 1 if $?; # rev-parse would have given "not a git dir" message.
-chomp($GIT_DIR);
-
-my (@srcArgs, @dstArgs, @srcs, @dsts);
-my ($src, $dst, $base, $dstDir);
-
-# remove any trailing slash in arguments
-for (@ARGV) { s/\/*$//; }
-
-my $argCount = scalar @ARGV;
-if (-d $ARGV[$argCount-1]) {
-       $dstDir = $ARGV[$argCount-1];
-       @srcArgs = @ARGV[0..$argCount-2];
-
-       foreach $src (@srcArgs) {
-               $base = $src;
-               $base =~ s/^.*\///;
-               $dst = "$dstDir/". $base;
-               push @dstArgs, $dst;
-       }
-}
-else {
-    if ($argCount < 2) {
-       print "Error: need at least two arguments\n";
-       exit(1);
-    }
-    if ($argCount > 2) {
-       print "Error: moving to directory '"
-           . $ARGV[$argCount-1]
-           . "' not possible; not existing\n";
-       exit(1);
-    }
-    @srcArgs = ($ARGV[0]);
-    @dstArgs = ($ARGV[1]);
-    $dstDir = "";
-}
-
-my $subdir_prefix = `git rev-parse --show-prefix`;
-chomp($subdir_prefix);
-
-# run in git base directory, so that git-ls-files lists all revisioned files
-chdir "$GIT_DIR/..";
-
-# normalize paths, needed to compare against versioned files and update-index
-# also, this is nicer to end-users by doing ".//a/./b/.//./c" ==> "a/b/c"
-for (@srcArgs, @dstArgs) {
-    # prepend git prefix as we run from base directory
-    $_ = $subdir_prefix.$_;
-    s|^\./||;
-    s|/\./|/| while (m|/\./|);
-    s|//+|/|g;
-    # Also "a/b/../c" ==> "a/c"
-    1 while (s,(^|/)[^/]+/\.\./,$1,);
-}
-
-my (@allfiles,@srcfiles,@dstfiles);
-my $safesrc;
-my (%overwritten, %srcForDst);
-
-$/ = "\0";
-open(F, 'git-ls-files -z |')
-        or die "Failed to open pipe from git-ls-files: " . $!;
-
-@allfiles = map { chomp; $_; } <F>;
-close(F);
-
-
-my ($i, $bad);
-while(scalar @srcArgs > 0) {
-    $src = shift @srcArgs;
-    $dst = shift @dstArgs;
-    $bad = "";
-
-    for ($src, $dst) {
-       # Be nicer to end-users by doing ".//a/./b/.//./c" ==> "a/b/c"
-       s|^\./||;
-       s|/\./|/| while (m|/\./|);
-       s|//+|/|g;
-       # Also "a/b/../c" ==> "a/c"
-       1 while (s,(^|/)[^/]+/\.\./,$1,);
-    }
-
-    if ($opt_v) {
-       print "Checking rename of '$src' to '$dst'\n";
-    }
-
-    unless (-f $src || -l $src || -d $src) {
-       $bad = "bad source '$src'";
-    }
-
-    $safesrc = quotemeta($src);
-    @srcfiles = grep /^$safesrc(\/|$)/, @allfiles;
-
-    $overwritten{$dst} = 0;
-    if (($bad eq "") && -e $dst) {
-       $bad = "destination '$dst' already exists";
-       if ($opt_f) {
-           # only files can overwrite each other: check both source and destination
-           if (-f $dst && (scalar @srcfiles == 1)) {
-               print "Warning: $bad; will overwrite!\n";
-               $bad = "";
-               $overwritten{$dst} = 1;
-           }
-           else {
-               $bad = "Can not overwrite '$src' with '$dst'";
-           }
-       }
-    }
-    
-    if (($bad eq "") && ($dst =~ /^$safesrc\//)) {
-       $bad = "can not move directory '$src' into itself";
-    }
-
-    if ($bad eq "") {
-        if (scalar @srcfiles == 0) {
-           $bad = "'$src' not under version control";
-       }
-    }
-
-    if ($bad eq "") {
-       if (defined $srcForDst{$dst}) {
-           $bad = "can not move '$src' to '$dst'; already target of ";
-           $bad .= "'".$srcForDst{$dst}."'";
-       }
-       else {
-           $srcForDst{$dst} = $src;
-       }
-    }
-
-    if ($bad ne "") {
-       if ($opt_k) {
-           print "Warning: $bad; skipping\n";
-           next;
-       }
-       print "Error: $bad\n";
-       exit(1);
-    }
-    push @srcs, $src;
-    push @dsts, $dst;
-}
-
-# Final pass: rename/move
-my (@deletedfiles,@addedfiles,@changedfiles);
-$bad = "";
-while(scalar @srcs > 0) {
-    $src = shift @srcs;
-    $dst = shift @dsts;
-
-    if ($opt_n || $opt_v) { print "Renaming $src to $dst\n"; }
-    if (!$opt_n) {
-       if (!rename($src,$dst)) {
-           $bad = "renaming '$src' failed: $!";
-           if ($opt_k) {
-               print "Warning: skipped: $bad\n";
-               $bad = "";
-               next;
-           }
-           last;
-       }
-    }
-
-    $safesrc = quotemeta($src);
-    @srcfiles = grep /^$safesrc(\/|$)/, @allfiles;
-    @dstfiles = @srcfiles;
-    s/^$safesrc(\/|$)/$dst$1/ for @dstfiles;
-
-    push @deletedfiles, @srcfiles;
-    if (scalar @srcfiles == 1) {
-       # $dst can be a directory with 1 file inside
-       if ($overwritten{$dst} ==1) {
-           push @changedfiles, $dstfiles[0];
-
-       } else {
-           push @addedfiles, $dstfiles[0];
-       }
-    }
-    else {
-       push @addedfiles, @dstfiles;
-    }
-}
-
-if ($opt_n) {
-    if (@changedfiles) {
-       print "Changed  : ". join(", ", @changedfiles) ."\n";
-    }
-    if (@addedfiles) {
-       print "Adding   : ". join(", ", @addedfiles) ."\n";
-    }
-    if (@deletedfiles) {
-       print "Deleting : ". join(", ", @deletedfiles) ."\n";
-    }
-}
-else {
-    if (@changedfiles) {
-       open(H, "| git-update-index -z --stdin")
-               or die "git-update-index failed to update changed files with code $!\n";
-       foreach my $fileName (@changedfiles) {
-               print H "$fileName\0";
-       }
-       close(H);
-    }
-    if (@addedfiles) {
-       open(H, "| git-update-index --add -z --stdin")
-               or die "git-update-index failed to add new names with code $!\n";
-       foreach my $fileName (@addedfiles) {
-               print H "$fileName\0";
-       }
-       close(H);
-    }
-    if (@deletedfiles) {
-       open(H, "| git-update-index --remove -z --stdin")
-               or die "git-update-index failed to remove old names with code $!\n";
-       foreach my $fileName (@deletedfiles) {
-               print H "$fileName\0";
-       }
-       close(H);
-    }
-}
-
-if ($bad ne "") {
-    print "Error: $bad\n";
-    exit(1);
-}
diff --git a/git.c b/git.c
index ee5a0e86a71119b5ac11c351a982e31c87649a15..d47e9d8db9503159b5655b22903758a05df3bf64 100644 (file)
--- a/git.c
+++ b/git.c
@@ -202,6 +202,7 @@ static void handle_internal_command(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp)
                { "update-ref", cmd_update_ref },
                { "fmt-merge-msg", cmd_fmt_merge_msg },
                { "prune", cmd_prune },
+               { "mv", cmd_mv },
        };
        int i;
 
index 4c47a0eb9f1789b4ff2c2b486f41917bca842ea3..c0b031367bf0d33e535cdfc183da2276577c8011 100644 (file)
@@ -319,6 +319,45 @@ int remove_file_from_cache(const char *path)
        return 0;
 }
 
+int add_file_to_index(const char *path, int verbose)
+{
+       int size, namelen;
+       struct stat st;
+       struct cache_entry *ce;
+
+       if (lstat(path, &st))
+               die("%s: unable to stat (%s)", path, strerror(errno));
+
+       if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && !S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
+               die("%s: can only add regular files or symbolic links", path);
+
+       namelen = strlen(path);
+       size = cache_entry_size(namelen);
+       ce = xcalloc(1, size);
+       memcpy(ce->name, path, namelen);
+       ce->ce_flags = htons(namelen);
+       fill_stat_cache_info(ce, &st);
+
+       ce->ce_mode = create_ce_mode(st.st_mode);
+       if (!trust_executable_bit) {
+               /* If there is an existing entry, pick the mode bits
+                * from it.
+                */
+               int pos = cache_name_pos(path, namelen);
+               if (pos >= 0)
+                       ce->ce_mode = active_cache[pos]->ce_mode;
+       }
+
+       if (index_path(ce->sha1, path, &st, 1))
+               die("unable to index file %s", path);
+       if (add_cache_entry(ce, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD))
+               die("unable to add %s to index",path);
+       if (verbose)
+               printf("add '%s'\n", path);
+       cache_tree_invalidate_path(active_cache_tree, path);
+       return 0;
+}
+
 int ce_same_name(struct cache_entry *a, struct cache_entry *b)
 {
        int len = ce_namelen(a);