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+E(x')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(efore you continue here.)-2.5 E F1 10.826
+-7.218(YY o)108 393.6 T(ou)2.22 E(ur)-5.558 E 2.5<728c>-4.438 G<8c72>
+-8.058 E(rs)-4.438 E(st)-3.888 E 2.5(tR)-3.328 G(Ro)-9.718 E(ou)-4.998 E
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+(ay to learn something is to actually do it.)-.1 F(Wh)5.101 E 2.601(yn)
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+.101(ill create)-2.601 F 2.944(ad)108 422.4 S .444(atabase, put some v)
+-2.944 F .444(alues in it and e)-.25 F .444(xtract this data ag)-.15 F
+2.944(ain. Y)-.05 F .444(our output should be the same as the output)
+-1.1 F(that is included in this document.)108 434.4 Q 2.605 -.8(We w)108
+451.2 T 1.005(ill start with some easy stuf).8 F 3.505(fa)-.25 G 1.005
+(nd compare a car with a router)-3.505 F 3.505(,o)-.4 G 3.504(rc)-3.505
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+(wish\) with bits and bytes. It')108 463.2 Q 2.5(sa)-.55 G
+(ll the same: some number o)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rs).15 G
+(ome time.)-2.5 E 1.002(Assume we ha)108 480 R 1.302 -.15(ve a d)-.2 H
+-.25(ev).15 G 1.003(ice that transfers bytes to and from the Internet.)
+.25 F 1.003(This de)6.003 F 1.003(vice k)-.25 F 1.003
+(eeps a counter that)-.1 F .982
+(starts at zero when it is turned on, increasing with e)108 492 R -.15
+(ve)-.25 G .982(ry byte that is transfered. This counter will ha).15 F
+1.282 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.066(maximum v)108 504 R 1.066(alue, if that v)
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+3.567(ra).15 G 3.567(tz)-3.567 G(ero.)-3.567 E 1.276
+(This is the same as man)108 516 R 3.776(yc)-.15 G 1.276
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+(ost discussions)-6.275 F .471(about netw)108 528 R .471
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+F -.1(wa)-.15 G 1.771 -.65(y. A).1 H .471(ssume a byte is eight bits).65
+F .049(and start to think in bits not bytes. The counter)108 540 R 2.548
+(,h)-.4 G -.25(ow)-2.548 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H .848 -.4(r, s).25 H
+.048(till counts bytes !).4 F .048(In the)5.048 F F2(SNMP)2.548 E F0 -.1
+(wo)2.548 G .048(rld most of the).1 F .566
+(counters are 32 bits. That means the)108 552 R 3.066(ya)-.15 G .566
+(re counting from 0 to 4294967295. W)-3.066 F 3.067(ew)-.8 G .567
+(ill use these v)-3.067 F .567(alues in the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 564 S
+3.71(amples. The).15 F(de)3.71 E 1.21(vice, when ask)-.25 F 1.21
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+-.15(ve b)-.2 H .861(een transfered).15 F/F3 10/Symbol SF(***)3.362 E F0
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+(second. This is not v)108 588 Q(ery hard to calculate. First in w)-.15
+E(ords, then in calculations:)-.1 E 5(1. T)108 604.8 R(ak)-.8 E 2.5(et)
+-.1 G(he current counter)-2.5 E 2.5(,s)-.4 G(ubtract the pre)-2.5 E
+(vious v)-.25 E(alue from it.)-.25 E 5(2. Do)108 621.6 R
+(the same with the current time and the pre)2.5 E(vious time.)-.25 E 5
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+(by eight to get the number of bits per second \(bps\).)123 650.4 Q/F4
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+(bps = \(counter_now - counter_before\) / \(time_now - time_before\))120
+667.2 Q F3(*)6 E F4(8)6 E F0 -.15(Fo)108 691.2 S 2.915(rs).15 G .415
+(ome people it may help to translate this to a automobile e)-2.915 F
+.416(xample: Do not try this e)-.15 F .416(xample, and if you)-.15 F
+(do, don')108 703.2 Q 2.5(tb)-.18 G(lame me for the results.)-2.5 E
+154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E(2)192.34 E EP
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RRDTUT)72 48 Q -.834(ORIAL \( 1 \))-.18 F
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+to miles per hour by di)108 96 R(viding)-.25 E
+(km by 1.6 \(close enough\).)108 108 Q 2.5(Iw)5 G(ill use the follo)-2.5
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+124.8 R 12(KM: kilometer)114 136.8 R(\(= 1000 meters\).)6 E 18(H: hour)
+114 148.8 R 18(S: second)114 160.8 R(KM/H: kilometers per hour)114 172.8
+Q 6(M/S: meters)114 184.8 R(per second)6 E F0 -1.1(Yo)108 208.8 S(u')1.1
+E .28(re dri)-.5 F .28(ving a car)-.25 F 2.78(.A)-.55 G 2.78(t1)-2.78 G
+.281(2:05 you read the counter in the dashboard and it tells you that t\
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+(in \214v)3.061 F 3.061(em)-.15 G .561(inutes. A scientist w)-3.061 F
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+-.15(ve)-.2 G .03(led 12 kilometers which is 12000 meters. W).15 F 2.53
+(ed)-.8 G .03(id that in \214v)-2.53 F 2.53(em)-.15 G .03
+(inutes which translates into 300 sec-)-2.53 F
+(onds. Our speed is 12000M / 300S equals 40 M/S.)108 273.6 Q 1.867 -.8
+(We c)108 290.4 T .267(ould also calculate the speed in).8 F F2(KM/H)
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+(em)-.15 G .267(inutes is an hour so we ha)-2.767 F .568 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
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+(by 12 to get 144)108 302.4 R F2(KM/H)2.662 E F0 5.162(.F)C .162
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+(nglish speaking friends: that').15 F 2.661(s9)-.55 G(0)-2.661 E F2(MPH)
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+.161(xample at)-.15 F(home or where I li)108 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve :)-.25 H
+(\)).15 E .208(Remember: these numbers are a)108 331.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
+.209(rages only).15 F 5.209(.T)-.65 G .209(here is no w)-5.209 F .209
+(ay to \214gure out from the numbers, if you dro)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
+(at a constant speed.)108 343.2 Q(There is an e)5 E
+(xample later on in this tutorial that e)-.15 E(xplains this.)-.15 E
+2.538(Ih)108 360 S .038(ope you understand that there is no dif)-2.538 F
+.038(ference in calculating M/S or bps; only the w)-.25 F .038
+(ay we collect the data)-.1 F(is dif)108 372 Q(ferent. Ev)-.25 E
+(en the K from kilo is the same as in netw)-.15 E
+(orking terms k also means 1000.)-.1 E 2.228 -.8(We w)108 388.8 T .628
+(ill no).8 F 3.128(wc)-.25 G .628(reate a database where we can k)-3.128
+F .629(eep all these interesting numbers. The method used to start)-.1 F
+.853(the program may dif)108 400.8 R .853(fer slightly from)-.25 F F2
+(OS)3.352 E F0(to)3.352 E F2(OS)3.352 E F0 -.2(bu)3.352 G 3.352(tIa).2 G
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+.852(ferent on)-.25 F(your)108 412.8 Q F2(OS)2.989 E F0 2.989(.M)C(ak)
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+-2.989 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .49(cuting the follo).15 F .49(wing command)-.25
+F(and type the whole line as one long line \(I had to split it for read\
+ability\) and skip all of the `\\' characters.)108 424.8 Q F1
+(rrdtool create test.rrd)126 441.6 Q(\\)78 E(--start 920804400)180 453.6
+Q(\\)60 E 12(DS:speed:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)180 465.6 R 36
+(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:24 \\)180 477.6 R(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:6:10)180 489.6 Q F0
+(\(So enter:)108 513.6 Q F1
+(rrdtool create test.rrd --start 920804400 DS ...)2.5 E F0(\))A/F3 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF -9.998(WW)108 536.4 S -5.558(hh)9.998 G -4.998(aa)5.558
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+-8.058 E(ee)-4.438 E(en)-4.438 E 2.5(nc)-5.558 G(cr)-6.938 E -.18(re)
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+d \(7th of).8 F .933
+(march, 1999\) writing this document. It holds one data source \()108
+565.2 R F2(DS)A F0 3.433(\)n)C .933(amed `)-3.433 F(`speed')-.74 E 3.433
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+-.25 G 1.123(ry \214v).15 F 3.623(em)-.15 G 1.123(inutes \(def)-3.623 F
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+(ound robin archi)-3.622 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E .83(\(RRAs\) are k)108
+589.2 R .83(ept, one a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .83(rages the data e).15 F
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+(rage\) and k).15 F .831(eeps 24)-.1 F .784
+(samples \(24 times 5 minutes is 2 hours\). The other a)108 601.2 R -.15
+(ve)-.2 G .784(rages 6 v).15 F .783
+(alues \(half hour\) and contains 10 of such)-.25 F -2.25 -.2(av e)108
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+(ours\) The remaining options will be discussed later on.)-2.5 E .489
+(RRDtool w)108 630 R .49(orks with special time stamps coming from the)
+-.1 F F2(UNIX)2.99 E F0 -.1(wo)2.99 G 2.99(rld. This).1 F .49
+(time stamp is the number of)2.99 F .779
+(seconds that passed since January 1st 1970)108 642 R F2(UTC)3.279 E F0
+5.779(.T)C .779
+(his time stamp is translated into local time and it will)-5.779 F
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+(ferent time zones.)-.25 E .249
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+(orld as I am.)-.1 F .25(This means your time zone is dif)5.25 F
+(ferent.)-.25 E .105(In all e)108 682.8 R .104(xamples where I talk abo\
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+(fect on the results)-.25 F 1.082(of the e)108 694.8 R 1.082
+(xamples, just correct the hours while reading.)-.15 F 1.082(As an e)
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+-.74 G(he)-3.583 E F2(UK)3.583 E F0(folks will see `)108 706.8 Q
+(`11:05')-.74 E('.)-.74 E 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)
+2.5 E(3)192.34 E EP
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+(We n)108 96 T .5 -.25(ow h).8 H -2.25 -.2(av e).25 H
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+(ll pretend to ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve r)-.2 H(ead the follo).15 E
+(wing numbers:)-.25 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6(12:05 12345)114 112.8 R(KM)6
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+(12:20 12363)114 148.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:25 12363)114 160.8 R(KM)6 E 6
+(12:30 12373)114 172.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:35 12383)114 184.8 R(KM)6 E 6
+(12:40 12393)114 196.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:45 12399)114 208.8 R(KM)6 E 6
+(12:50 12405)114 220.8 R(KM)6 E 6(12:55 12411)114 232.8 R(KM)6 E 6
+(13:00 12415)114 244.8 R(KM)6 E 6(13:05 12420)114 256.8 R(KM)6 E 6
+(13:10 12422)114 268.8 R(KM)6 E 6(13:15 12423)114 280.8 R(KM)6 E F0 1.6
+-.8(We \214)108 304.8 T(ll the database as follo).8 E(ws:)-.25 E F1(rrd\
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+321.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd 920805600:12363 920805900:12363 9208062\
+00:12373)114 333.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd 920806500:12383 920806800:\
+12393 920807100:12399)114 345.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd 920807400:124\
+05 920807700:12411 920808000:12415)114 357.6 Q(rrdtool update test.rrd \
+920808300:12420 920808600:12422 920808900:12423)114 369.6 Q F0
+(This reads: update our test database with the follo)108 393.6 Q
+(wing numbers)-.25 E F1(time 920804700, value 12345)114 410.4 Q
+(time 920805000, value 12357)114 422.4 Q F0(etcetera.)108 446.4 Q .433
+(As you can see, it is possible to feed more than one v)108 463.2 R .433
+(alue into the database in one command. I had to stop)-.25 F
+(at three for readability b)108 475.2 Q(ut the real maximum is)-.2 E/F2
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+(an no).8 E 2.5(wr)-.25 G(etrie)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H
+(he data from our database using `).15 E(`rrdtool fetch":)-.74 E F1
+(rrdtool fetch test.rrd AVERAGE --start 920804400 --end 920809200)114
+508.8 Q F0(It should return the follo)108 532.8 Q(wing output:)-.25 E F1
+(speed)204 549.6 Q F0 154.84(24/Oct/99 Last)72 768 R(change: 1.0.8)2.5 E
+(4)192.34 E EP
+%%Page: 5 5
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+(920805900: 0.00)114 144 R 30(920806200: 0.03)114 156 R 30
+(920806500: 0.03)114 168 R 30(920806800: 0.03)114 180 R 30
+(920807100: 0.02)114 192 R 30(920807400: 0.02)114 204 R 30
+(920807700: 0.02)114 216 R 30(920808000: 0.01)114 228 R 30
+(920808300: 0.02)114 240 R 30(920808600: 0.01)114 252 R 30
+(920808900: 0.00)114 264 R 36(920809200: NaN)114 276 R F0 .925
+(If it doesn')108 300 R .925(t, something may be wrong.)-.18 F .925
+(Perhaps your)5.925 F/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(OS)3.425 E F0 .926
+(will print `)3.425 F(`NaN')-.74 E 3.426('i)-.74 G 3.426(nad)-3.426 G
+(if)-3.426 E .926(ferent form.)-.25 F .926(It repre-)5.926 F 1.011
+(sents `)108 312 R 1.011(`Not A Number')-.74 F 3.511('. If)-.74 F(your)
+3.511 E F2(OS)3.511 E F0 1.01(writes `)3.51 F(`U')-.74 E 3.51('o)-.74 G
+3.51(r`)-3.51 G(`)-4.25 E F2(UNKN)A F0 2.49 -.74('' o)D 3.51(rs).74 G
+1.01(omething similar that')-3.51 F 3.51(so)-.55 G(kay)-3.51 E 6.01(.I)
+-.65 G 3.51(fs)-6.01 G(ome-)-3.51 E .838(thing else is wrong, it will p\
+robably be due to an error you made \(assuming that my tutorial is corr\
+ect of)108 324 R
+(course :\255\). In that case: delete the database and try ag)108 336 Q
+(ain.)-.05 E(What this output represents will become clear in the rest \
+of the tutorial.)108 352.8 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -3.888(II)108 375.6 S
+6.656 -3.328(tt i)3.888 H(is).55 E 2.5(st)-3.888 G(ti)-5.828 E(im)-2.778
+E(me)-8.328 E 2.5(et)-4.438 G(to)-5.828 E 2.5(oc)-4.998 G(cr)-6.938 E
+-.18(re)-4.438 G(ea)-4.258 E(at)-4.998 E(te)-3.328 E 2.5(es)-4.438 G(so)
+-6.388 E(om)-4.998 E(me)-8.328 E 2.5(eg)-4.438 G(gr)-7.498 E(ra)-4.438 E
+(ap)-4.998 E(ph)-5.558 E(hi)-5.558 E(ic)-2.778 E(cs)-4.438 E(s)-3.888 E
+F0 -.35(Tr)108 392.4 S 2.5(yt).35 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing command:)-.25 E
+F1(rrdtool graph speed.gif)114 409.2 Q(\\)198 E
+(--start 920804400 --end 920808000)162 421.2 Q(\\)90 E 78
+(DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE \\)162 433.2 R(LINE2:myspeed#FF0000)
+162 445.2 Q F0 2.325
+(This will create speed.gif which starts at 12:00 and ends at 13:00.)108
+469.2 R 2.325(There is a de\214nition of v)7.325 F(ariable)-.25 E .491
+(myspeed, it is the data from)108 481.2 R F2(RRA)2.991 E F0 -.74(``)
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+(`test.rrd')-.74 E .492('. The line dra)-.74 F .492(wn is 2 pix)-.15 F
+.492(els high, and)-.15 F .366(comes from v)108 493.2 R .366
+(ariable myspeed. The color is red.)-.25 F -1.1(Yo)5.366 G(u')1.1 E .366
+(ll notice that the start of the graph is not at 12:00 b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E
+1.064(at 12:05 and this is because we ha)108 505.2 R 1.365 -.15(ve i)-.2
+H(nsuf).15 E 1.065(\214cient data to tell the a)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
+1.065(rage before that time. This will only).15 F(happen when you miss \
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+(If this has w)108 534 Q(ork)-.1 E
+(ed: congratulations! If not, check what went wrong.)-.1 E .148
+(The colors are b)108 550.8 R .148(uilt up from red, green and blue. F)
+-.2 F .148(or each of the components, you specify ho)-.15 F 2.648(wm)
+-.25 G .148(uch to use)-2.648 F .201(in he)108 562.8 R .201
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+(iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2 \(1.3.6.1.2.1\))126 488.4 Q F0 .547(Th\
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+-.25(ow)-5.116 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H .916 -.4(r, s).25 H .116
+(ome programs can use abo).4 F .416 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .116
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+(First, we ha)108 606 R .796 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.996(og).15 G .496
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+(ti)-5 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(ommonly used.)-2.5 E .685
+(Assume you got the program. First try to collect some data that is a)
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+(The de)108 120 R .441
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+-.74 E F1(snmpwalk myrouter public interfaces.iftable.ifentry.ifdescr)
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+(aces, you')-.1 E(re almost there.)-.5 E(Here')5 E 2.5(sa)-.55 G 2.5(ne)
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+E(alk cisco public 2.2.1.2)-.1 E F1
+(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.1 = "BRI0: B-Channel 1")126 254.4 Q
+(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.2 = "BRI0: B-Channel 2")126 266.4 Q
+(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.3 = "BRI0" Hex: 42 52 49 30)126
+278.4 Q(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.4 = "Ethernet0")126 290.4 Q
+(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.5 = "Loopback0")126 302.4 Q F0 .276
+(On this cisco equipment, I w)108 326.4 R .275(ould lik)-.1 F 2.775(et)
+-.1 G 2.775(om)-2.775 G .275(onitor the `)-2.775 F(`Ethernet0')-.74 E
+2.775('i)-.74 G(nterf)-2.775 E .275(ace and see that it is number four)
+-.1 F 2.775(.I)-.55 G(try:)108 338.4 Q F1
+([user@host /home/alex]$ snmpget cisco public 2.2.1.10.4 2.2.1.16.4)126
+355.2 Q(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifInOctets.4 = 2290729126)126 379.2 Q
+(interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifOutOctets.4 = 1256486519)126 391.2 Q F0
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+-.1 G(IDs to monitor and the)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
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+(both with an interf)108 496.8 Q(ace number of 4.)-.1 E(Don')108 513.6 Q
+2.546(tg)-.18 G .046(et fooled, this w)-2.546 F(asn')-.1 E 2.546(tm)-.18
+G 2.546<798c>-2.546 G .046(rst try)-2.546 F 2.546(.I)-.65 G 2.546(tt)
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+-7.218(AA RR)108 601.2 T -4.438(ee)7.218 G -4.998(aa)4.438 G 5.556
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+E(TG)-.54 E F0(:)A F3(MR)2.5 E(TG)-.54 E F0(stores about the follo)2.5 E
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+225.6 Q(775 samples of 2 hours)114 237.6 Q(\(above + 50 days\))24 E
+(797 samples of 1 day)114 249.6 Q
+(\(above + 732 days, rounded up to 797\))36 E
+(rrdtool create myrouter.rrd)126 273.6 Q(\\)54 E 12
+(DS:input:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)180 285.6 R 6(DS:output:COUNTER:600:U:U \\)
+180 297.6 R 30(RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:600 \\)180 309.6 R 30
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+(Ne)108 417.6 Q .826
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+(while not the end of the universe)126 446.4 Q(do)126 458.4 Q
+(get result of)144 470.4 Q(snmpget router community 2.2.1.10.4)162 482.4
+Q(into variable $in)144 494.4 Q(get result of)144 506.4 Q
+(snmpget router community 2.2.1.16.4)162 518.4 Q(into variable $out)144
+530.4 Q(rrdtool update myrouter.rrd N:$in:$out)144 554.4 Q
+(wait for 5 minutes)144 578.4 Q(done)126 590.4 Q F0
+(Then, after collecting data for a day)108 614.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G
+(ry to create an image using:)-2.5 E F1
+(rrdtool graph myrouter-day.gif --start -86400 \\)126 631.2 Q
+(DEF:inoctets=myrouter.rrd:input:AVERAGE \\)180 643.2 Q
+(DEF:outoctets=myrouter.rrd:output:AVERAGE \\)180 655.2 Q
+(AREA:inoctets#00FF00:"In traffic" \\)180 667.2 Q
+(LINE1:outoctets#0000FF:"Out traffic")180 679.2 Q F0 .445
+(This should produce a picture with one day w)108 703.2 R .446
+(orth of traf)-.1 F 2.946(\214c. One)-.25 F .446
+(day is 24 hours of 60 minutes of 60 sec-)2.946 F 1.108(onds: 24)108
+715.2 R/F3 10/Symbol SF(*)A F0(60)A F3(*)A F0 1.108
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+-3.607 F .36(octets as the a)108 727.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G .36(rage v).15 F
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+(xamples from)-.15 F(the test database and see if you can get v)108
+124.8 Q(arious options and calculations w)-.25 E(orking.)-.1 E
+(Suggestion:)108 141.6 Q .34
+(Display in bytes per second and in bits per second. Mak)108 158.4 R
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+(ya)-.15 G .341(re o)-2.841 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.841(rf).15 G(our)-2.841 E
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+(utes, corrected for the error by 1000, translated into)108 286.8 R F2
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+298.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(ut not for speeding an)-.2 E(ymore :\))-.15 E(Ob)108
+315.6 Q(viously)-.15 E 3.589(,i)-.65 G 3.589(nt)-3.589 G 1.089
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+-.25(ow m)-2.799 H(uch).25 E F2(KM)2.799 E F0 .299(you had tra)2.799 F
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+(led at, the maximum number seen is much more v).15 F .859
+(aluable. \(later we will see more)-.25 F(types\))108 351.6 Q .341
+(It is the same for data. If you w)108 368.4 R .341(ant to kno)-.1 F
+2.841(wt)-.25 G .341(he amount, look at the a)-2.841 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
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+(er time, the)-.15 F 2.511(yw)-.15 G .011(ill gro)-2.511 F 2.511(wa)-.25
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+(rages will sho).15 F 3.071(wl)-.25 G 1.071 -.25(ow n)-3.071 H .571
+(umbers, the).25 F(archi)108 404.4 Q .762 -.15(ve t)-.25 H .462(hat sho)
+.15 F .461(ws maxima will ha)-.25 F .761 -.15(ve h)-.2 H .461
+(igher numbers.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.461 G 2.961(rm).15 G 2.961(yc)-2.961 G
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+428.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry day\).).15 E .207(Big dif)108 445.2 R .206(fe\
+rence. Do not look at the second graph to estimate the distances that I\
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+-2.706 F .67(\214rst graph to estimate my speed. This will w)108 457.2 R
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