git(7) ====== NAME ---- git - the stupid content tracker SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [-p|--paginate] [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS] DESCRIPTION ----------- Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. See this link:tutorial.html[tutorial] to get started, then see link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may also want to read link:cvs-migration.html[CVS migration]. See link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth introduction. The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias as defined in the configuration file (see gitlink:git-config[1]). Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git documentation can be viewed at `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`. ifdef::stalenotes[] [NOTE] ============ You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master' branch of the `git.git` repository. Documentation for older releases are available here: * link:v1.5.2.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.2] * release notes for link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6] * release notes for link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7] * release notes for link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4], link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3], link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6], link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13]. ============ endif::stalenotes[] OPTIONS ------- --version:: Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from. --help:: Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used commands. If a git command is named this option will bring up the man-page for that command. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all available commands are printed. --exec-path:: Path to wherever your core git programs are installed. This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print the current setting and then exit. -p|--paginate:: Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER). --git-dir=:: Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. --bare:: Same as --git-dir=`pwd`. FURTHER DOCUMENTATION --------------------- See the references above to get started using git. The following is probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user. The <> section below and the link:core-tutorial.html[Core tutorial] both provide introductions to the underlying git architecture. See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful examples. GIT COMMANDS ------------ We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level ("plumbing") commands. High-level commands (porcelain) ------------------------------- We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some ancillary user utilities. Main porcelain commands ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[] Ancillary Commands ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Manipulators: include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[] Interrogators: include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[] Interacting with Others ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other people via patch over e-mail. include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] Low-level commands (plumbing) ----------------------------- Although git includes its own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains might start by reading about gitlink:git-update-index[1] and gitlink:git-read-tree[1]. The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the end user experience. The following description divides the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between repositories. Manipulation commands ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[] Interrogation commands ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[] In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in the working tree. Synching repositories ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] The following are helper programs used by the above; end users typically do not use them directly. include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] Internal helper commands ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end users typically do not use them directly. include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] Configuration Mechanism ----------------------- Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some people. Here is an example: ------------ # # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. # ; core variables [core] ; Don't trust file modes filemode = false ; user identity [user] name = "Junio C Hamano" email = "junkio@twinsun.com" ------------ Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust their operation accordingly. Identifier Terminology ---------------------- :: Indicates the object name for any type of object. :: Indicates a blob object name. :: Indicates a tree object name. :: Indicates a commit object name. :: Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A command that takes a argument ultimately wants to operate on a object but automatically dereferences and objects that point at a . :: Indicates a commit or tag object name. A command that takes a argument ultimately wants to operate on a object but automatically dereferences objects that point at a . :: Indicates that an object type is required. Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`. :: Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes. Symbolic Identifiers -------------------- Any git command accepting any can also use the following symbolic notation: HEAD:: indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`). :: a valid tag 'name' (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/`). :: a valid head 'name' (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/`). For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]. File/Directory Structure ------------------------ Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document. Read link:hooks.html[hooks] for more details about each hook. Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the `$GIT_DIR`. Terminology ----------- Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document. Environment Variables --------------------- Various git commands use the following environment variables: The git Repository ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above git so take care if using Cogito etc. 'GIT_INDEX_FILE':: This environment allows the specification of an alternate index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` is used. 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY':: If the object storage directory is specified via this environment variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` directory is used. 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES':: Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. 'GIT_DIR':: If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` for the base of the repository. git Commits ~~~~~~~~~~~ 'GIT_AUTHOR_NAME':: 'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL':: 'GIT_AUTHOR_DATE':: 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME':: 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL':: 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE':: 'EMAIL':: see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1] git Diffs ~~~~~~~~~ 'GIT_DIFF_OPTS':: Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option value passed on the git diff command line. 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF':: When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters: path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode + where: -file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the contents of , -hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes, -mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes. + The file parameters can point at the user's working file (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file` when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits. + For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1 parameter, . other ~~~~~ 'GIT_PAGER':: This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. 'GIT_FLUSH':: If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such as git-blame (in incremental mode), git-rev-list, git-log, git-whatchanged, etc., will force a flush of the output stream after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not. 'GIT_TRACE':: If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command execution and external command execution. If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the trace messages into this file descriptor. Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this as a file path and will try to write the trace messages into it. Discussion[[Discussion]] ------------------------ include::core-intro.txt[] Authors ------- * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds . * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano . * The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson . * General upbringing is handled by the git-list . Documentation -------------- The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves , and later enhanced greatly by the contributors on the git-list . GIT --- Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite