1 run-command API
2 ===============
4 The run-command API offers a versatile tool to run sub-processes with
5 redirected input and output as well as with a modified environment
6 and an alternate current directory.
8 A similar API offers the capability to run a function asynchronously,
9 which is primarily used to capture the output that the function
10 produces in the caller in order to process it.
13 Functions
14 ---------
16 `start_command`::
18 Start a sub-process. Takes a pointer to a `struct child_process`
19 that specifies the details and returns pipe FDs (if requested).
20 See below for details.
22 `finish_command`::
24 Wait for the completion of a sub-process that was started with
25 start_command().
27 `run_command`::
29 A convenience function that encapsulates a sequence of
30 start_command() followed by finish_command(). Takes a pointer
31 to a `struct child_process` that specifies the details.
33 `run_command_v_opt`, `run_command_v_opt_cd_env`::
35 Convenience functions that encapsulate a sequence of
36 start_command() followed by finish_command(). The argument argv
37 specifies the program and its arguments. The argument opt is zero
38 or more of the flags `RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN`, `RUN_GIT_CMD`,
39 `RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR`, or `RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE`
40 that correspond to the members .no_stdin, .git_cmd,
41 .stdout_to_stderr, .silent_exec_failure of `struct child_process`.
42 The argument dir corresponds the member .dir. The argument env
43 corresponds to the member .env.
45 The functions above do the following:
47 . If a system call failed, errno is set and -1 is returned. A diagnostic
48 is printed.
50 . If the program was not found, then -1 is returned and errno is set to
51 ENOENT; a diagnostic is printed only if .silent_exec_failure is 0.
53 . Otherwise, the program is run. If it terminates regularly, its exit
54 code is returned. No diagnostic is printed, even if the exit code is
55 non-zero.
57 . If the program terminated due to a signal, then the return value is the
58 signal number - 128, ie. it is negative and so indicates an unusual
59 condition; a diagnostic is printed. This return value can be passed to
60 exit(2), which will report the same code to the parent process that a
61 POSIX shell's $? would report for a program that died from the signal.
64 `start_async`::
66 Run a function asynchronously. Takes a pointer to a `struct
67 async` that specifies the details and returns a set of pipe FDs
68 for communication with the function. See below for details.
70 `finish_async`::
72 Wait for the completion of an asynchronous function that was
73 started with start_async().
75 `run_hook`::
77 Run a hook.
78 The first argument is a pathname to an index file, or NULL
79 if the hook uses the default index file or no index is needed.
80 The second argument is the name of the hook.
81 The further arguments correspond to the hook arguments.
82 The last argument has to be NULL to terminate the arguments list.
83 If the hook does not exist or is not executable, the return
84 value will be zero.
85 If it is executable, the hook will be executed and the exit
86 status of the hook is returned.
87 On execution, .stdout_to_stderr and .no_stdin will be set.
88 (See below.)
91 Data structures
92 ---------------
94 * `struct child_process`
96 This describes the arguments, redirections, and environment of a
97 command to run in a sub-process.
99 The caller:
101 1. allocates and clears (memset(&chld, 0, sizeof(chld));) a
102 struct child_process variable;
103 2. initializes the members;
104 3. calls start_command();
105 4. processes the data;
106 5. closes file descriptors (if necessary; see below);
107 6. calls finish_command().
109 The .argv member is set up as an array of string pointers (NULL
110 terminated), of which .argv[0] is the program name to run (usually
111 without a path). If the command to run is a git command, set argv[0] to
112 the command name without the 'git-' prefix and set .git_cmd = 1.
114 The members .in, .out, .err are used to redirect stdin, stdout,
115 stderr as follows:
117 . Specify 0 to request no special redirection. No new file descriptor
118 is allocated. The child process simply inherits the channel from the
119 parent.
121 . Specify -1 to have a pipe allocated; start_command() replaces -1
122 by the pipe FD in the following way:
124 .in: Returns the writable pipe end into which the caller writes;
125 the readable end of the pipe becomes the child's stdin.
127 .out, .err: Returns the readable pipe end from which the caller
128 reads; the writable end of the pipe end becomes child's
129 stdout/stderr.
131 The caller of start_command() must close the so returned FDs
132 after it has completed reading from/writing to it!
134 . Specify a file descriptor > 0 to be used by the child:
136 .in: The FD must be readable; it becomes child's stdin.
137 .out: The FD must be writable; it becomes child's stdout.
138 .err: The FD must be writable; it becomes child's stderr.
140 The specified FD is closed by start_command(), even if it fails to
141 run the sub-process!
143 . Special forms of redirection are available by setting these members
144 to 1:
146 .no_stdin, .no_stdout, .no_stderr: The respective channel is
147 redirected to /dev/null.
149 .stdout_to_stderr: stdout of the child is redirected to its
150 stderr. This happens after stderr is itself redirected.
151 So stdout will follow stderr to wherever it is
152 redirected.
154 To modify the environment of the sub-process, specify an array of
155 string pointers (NULL terminated) in .env:
157 . If the string is of the form "VAR=value", i.e. it contains '='
158 the variable is added to the child process's environment.
160 . If the string does not contain '=', it names an environment
161 variable that will be removed from the child process's environment.
163 To specify a new initial working directory for the sub-process,
164 specify it in the .dir member.
166 If the program cannot be found, the functions return -1 and set
167 errno to ENOENT. Normally, an error message is printed, but if
168 .silent_exec_failure is set to 1, no message is printed for this
169 special error condition.
172 * `struct async`
174 This describes a function to run asynchronously, whose purpose is
175 to produce output that the caller reads.
177 The caller:
179 1. allocates and clears (memset(&asy, 0, sizeof(asy));) a
180 struct async variable;
181 2. initializes .proc and .data;
182 3. calls start_async();
183 4. processes communicates with proc through .in and .out;
184 5. closes .in and .out;
185 6. calls finish_async().
187 The members .in, .out are used to provide a set of fd's for
188 communication between the caller and the callee as follows:
190 . Specify 0 to have no file descriptor passed. The callee will
191 receive -1 in the corresponding argument.
193 . Specify < 0 to have a pipe allocated; start_async() replaces
194 with the pipe FD in the following way:
196 .in: Returns the writable pipe end into which the caller
197 writes; the readable end of the pipe becomes the function's
198 in argument.
200 .out: Returns the readable pipe end from which the caller
201 reads; the writable end of the pipe becomes the function's
202 out argument.
204 The caller of start_async() must close the returned FDs after it
205 has completed reading from/writing from them.
207 . Specify a file descriptor > 0 to be used by the function:
209 .in: The FD must be readable; it becomes the function's in.
210 .out: The FD must be writable; it becomes the function's out.
212 The specified FD is closed by start_async(), even if it fails to
213 run the function.
215 The function pointer in .proc has the following signature:
217 int proc(int in, int out, void *data);
219 . in, out specifies a set of file descriptors to which the function
220 must read/write the data that it needs/produces. The function
221 *must* close these descriptors before it returns. A descriptor
222 may be -1 if the caller did not configure a descriptor for that
223 direction.
225 . data is the value that the caller has specified in the .data member
226 of struct async.
228 . The return value of the function is 0 on success and non-zero
229 on failure. If the function indicates failure, finish_async() will
230 report failure as well.
233 There are serious restrictions on what the asynchronous function can do
234 because this facility is implemented by a thread in the same address
235 space on most platforms (when pthreads is available), but by a pipe to
236 a forked process otherwise:
238 . It cannot change the program's state (global variables, environment,
239 etc.) in a way that the caller notices; in other words, .in and .out
240 are the only communication channels to the caller.
242 . It must not change the program's state that the caller of the
243 facility also uses.