1 git(7)
2 ======
4 NAME
5 ----
6 git - the stupid content tracker
9 SYNOPSIS
10 --------
11 [verse]
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [-p|--paginate]
13 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
15 DESCRIPTION
16 -----------
17 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
18 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
19 and full access to internals.
21 See this link:tutorial.html[tutorial] to get started, then see
22 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
23 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
24 also want to read link:cvs-migration.html[CVS migration]. See
25 link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
26 introduction.
28 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
29 as defined in the configuration file (see gitlink:git-config[1]).
31 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
32 documentation can be viewed at
33 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
35 ifdef::stalenotes[]
36 [NOTE]
37 ============
38 You are reading the documentation for the latest version of git.
39 Documentation for older releases are available here:
41 * link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[release notes for 1.5.1]
43 * link:v1.5.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.4]
45 * link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[release notes for 1.5.1.4]
47 * link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[release notes for 1.5.1.3]
49 * link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[release notes for 1.5.1.2]
51 * link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[release notes for 1.5.1.1]
53 * link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[release notes for 1.5.0.7]
55 * link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[release notes for 1.5.0.6]
57 * link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[release notes for 1.5.0.5]
59 * link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[release notes for 1.5.0.3]
61 * link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[release notes for 1.5.0.2]
63 * link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[release notes for 1.5.0.1]
65 * link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[release notes for 1.5.0]
67 * link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.4.4.4]
69 * link:v1.3.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.3.3]
71 * link:v1.2.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.2.6]
73 * link:v1.0.13/git.html[documentation for release 1.0.13]
75 ============
77 endif::stalenotes[]
79 OPTIONS
80 -------
81 --version::
82 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
84 --help::
85 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
86 commands. If a git command is named this option will bring up
87 the man-page for that command. If the option '--all' or '-a' is
88 given then all available commands are printed.
90 --exec-path::
91 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
92 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
93 environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
94 the current setting and then exit.
96 -p|--paginate::
97 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
99 --git-dir=<path>::
100 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
101 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable.
103 --bare::
104 Same as --git-dir=`pwd`.
106 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
107 ---------------------
109 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
110 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
112 The <<Discussion,Discussion>> section below and the
113 link:core-tutorial.html[Core tutorial] both provide introductions to the
114 underlying git architecture.
116 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
117 examples.
119 GIT COMMANDS
120 ------------
122 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
123 ("plumbing") commands.
125 High-level commands (porcelain)
126 -------------------------------
128 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
129 ancillary user utilities.
131 Main porcelain commands
132 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
134 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
136 Ancillary Commands
137 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
138 Manipulators:
140 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
142 Interrogators:
144 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
147 Interacting with Others
148 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
150 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
151 people via patch over e-mail.
153 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
156 Low-level commands (plumbing)
157 -----------------------------
159 Although git includes its
160 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
161 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
162 might start by reading about gitlink:git-update-index[1] and
163 gitlink:git-read-tree[1].
165 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
166 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
167 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
168 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
169 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
170 end user experience.
172 The following description divides
173 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
174 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
175 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
176 repositories.
179 Manipulation commands
180 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
182 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
185 Interrogation commands
186 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
188 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
190 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
191 the working tree.
194 Synching repositories
195 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
197 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
199 The following are helper programs used by the above; end users
200 typically do not use them directly.
202 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
205 Internal helper commands
206 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
208 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
209 users typically do not use them directly.
211 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
214 Configuration Mechanism
215 -----------------------
217 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
218 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
219 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
220 people. Here is an example:
222 ------------
223 #
224 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
225 #
227 ; core variables
228 [core]
229 ; Don't trust file modes
230 filemode = false
232 ; user identity
233 [user]
234 name = "Junio C Hamano"
235 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
237 ------------
239 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
240 their operation accordingly.
243 Identifier Terminology
244 ----------------------
245 <object>::
246 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
248 <blob>::
249 Indicates a blob object name.
251 <tree>::
252 Indicates a tree object name.
254 <commit>::
255 Indicates a commit object name.
257 <tree-ish>::
258 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
259 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
260 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
261 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
263 <commit-ish>::
264 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
265 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
266 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
267 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
269 <type>::
270 Indicates that an object type is required.
271 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
273 <file>::
274 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
275 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
277 Symbolic Identifiers
278 --------------------
279 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
280 symbolic notation:
282 HEAD::
283 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
284 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
286 <tag>::
287 a valid tag 'name'
288 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
290 <head>::
291 a valid head 'name'
292 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
294 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
295 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitlink:git-rev-parse[1].
298 File/Directory Structure
299 ------------------------
301 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
303 Read link:hooks.html[hooks] for more details about each hook.
305 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
306 `$GIT_DIR`.
309 Terminology
310 -----------
311 Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
314 Environment Variables
315 ---------------------
316 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
318 The git Repository
319 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
320 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
321 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
322 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
324 'GIT_INDEX_FILE'::
325 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
326 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
327 is used.
329 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
330 If the object storage directory is specified via this
331 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
332 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
333 directory is used.
335 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
336 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
337 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
338 specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
339 can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
340 written to these directories.
342 'GIT_DIR'::
343 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
344 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
345 for the base of the repository.
347 git Commits
348 ~~~~~~~~~~~
349 'GIT_AUTHOR_NAME'::
350 'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL'::
351 'GIT_AUTHOR_DATE'::
352 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
353 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
354 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
355 'EMAIL'::
356 see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
358 git Diffs
359 ~~~~~~~~~
360 'GIT_DIFF_OPTS'::
361 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
362 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
363 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
364 value passed on the git diff command line.
366 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
367 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
368 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
369 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
370 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
372 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
373 +
374 where:
376 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
377 contents of <old|new>,
378 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
379 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
381 +
382 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
383 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
384 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
385 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
386 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
387 +
388 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
389 parameter, <path>.
391 other
392 ~~~~~
393 'GIT_PAGER'::
394 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`.
396 'GIT_TRACE'::
397 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
398 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
399 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
400 execution and external command execution.
401 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
402 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
403 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
404 trace messages into this file descriptor.
405 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
406 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
407 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
408 into it.
410 Discussion[[Discussion]]
411 ------------------------
412 include::core-intro.txt[]
414 Authors
415 -------
416 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
417 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
418 * The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
419 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
421 Documentation
422 --------------
423 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
424 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
425 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
427 GIT
428 ---
429 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite