1 git-reset(1)
2 ============
4 NAME
5 ----
6 git-reset - Reset current HEAD to the specified state
8 SYNOPSIS
9 --------
10 [verse]
11 'git reset' [-q] [<commit>] [--] <paths>...
12 'git reset' --patch [<commit>] [--] [<paths>...]
13 'git reset' [--soft | --mixed | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>]
15 DESCRIPTION
16 -----------
17 In the first and second form, copy entries from <commit> to the index.
18 In the third form, set the current branch head (HEAD) to <commit>, optionally
19 modifying index and working tree to match. The <commit> defaults to HEAD
20 in all forms.
22 'git reset' [-q] [<commit>] [--] <paths>...::
23 This form resets the index entries for all <paths> to their
24 state at <commit>. (It does not affect the working tree, nor
25 the current branch.)
26 +
27 This means that `git reset <paths>` is the opposite of `git add
28 <paths>`.
29 +
30 After running `git reset <paths>` to update the index entry, you can
31 use linkgit:git-checkout[1] to check the contents out of the index to
32 the working tree.
33 Alternatively, using linkgit:git-checkout[1] and specifying a commit, you
34 can copy the contents of a path out of a commit to the index and to the
35 working tree in one go.
37 'git reset' --patch|-p [<commit>] [--] [<paths>...]::
38 Interactively select hunks in the difference between the index
39 and <commit> (defaults to HEAD). The chosen hunks are applied
40 in reverse to the index.
41 +
42 This means that `git reset -p` is the opposite of `git add -p` (see
43 linkgit:git-add[1]).
45 'git reset' [--<mode>] [<commit>]::
46 This form resets the current branch head to <commit> and
47 possibly updates the index (resetting it to the tree of <commit>) and
48 the working tree depending on <mode>, which
49 must be one of the following:
50 +
51 --
52 --soft::
53 Does not touch the index file nor the working tree at all (but
54 resets the head to <commit>, just like all modes do). This leaves
55 all your changed files "Changes to be committed", as 'git status'
56 would put it.
58 --mixed::
59 Resets the index but not the working tree (i.e., the changed files
60 are preserved but not marked for commit) and reports what has not
61 been updated. This is the default action.
63 --hard::
64 Resets the index and working tree. Any changes to tracked files in the
65 working tree since <commit> are discarded.
67 --merge::
68 Resets the index and updates the files in the working tree that are
69 different between <commit> and HEAD, but keeps those which are
70 different between the index and working tree (i.e. which have changes
71 which have not been added).
72 If a file that is different between <commit> and the index has unstaged
73 changes, reset is aborted.
74 +
75 In other words, --merge does something like a 'git read-tree -u -m <commit>',
76 but carries forward unmerged index entries.
78 --keep::
79 Resets the index, updates files in the working tree that are
80 different between <commit> and HEAD, but keeps those
81 which are different between HEAD and the working tree (i.e.
82 which have local changes).
83 If a file that is different between <commit> and HEAD has local changes,
84 reset is aborted.
85 +
86 In other words, --keep does a 2-way merge between <commit> and HEAD followed by
87 'git reset --mixed <commit>'.
88 --
90 If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch,
91 linkgit:git-revert[1] is your friend.
94 OPTIONS
95 -------
97 -q::
98 --quiet::
99 Be quiet, only report errors.
102 EXAMPLES
103 --------
105 Undo add::
106 +
107 ------------
108 $ edit <1>
109 $ git add frotz.c filfre.c
110 $ mailx <2>
111 $ git reset <3>
112 $ git pull git://info.example.com/ nitfol <4>
113 ------------
114 +
115 <1> You are happily working on something, and find the changes
116 in these files are in good order. You do not want to see them
117 when you run "git diff", because you plan to work on other files
118 and changes with these files are distracting.
119 <2> Somebody asks you to pull, and the changes sounds worthy of merging.
120 <3> However, you already dirtied the index (i.e. your index does
121 not match the HEAD commit). But you know the pull you are going
122 to make does not affect frotz.c nor filfre.c, so you revert the
123 index changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree
124 remain there.
125 <4> Then you can pull and merge, leaving frotz.c and filfre.c
126 changes still in the working tree.
128 Undo a commit and redo::
129 +
130 ------------
131 $ git commit ...
132 $ git reset --soft HEAD^ <1>
133 $ edit <2>
134 $ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD <3>
135 ------------
136 +
137 <1> This is most often done when you remembered what you
138 just committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit
139 message, or both. Leaves working tree as it was before "reset".
140 <2> Make corrections to working tree files.
141 <3> "reset" copies the old head to .git/ORIG_HEAD; redo the
142 commit by starting with its log message. If you do not need to
143 edit the message further, you can give -C option instead.
144 +
145 See also the --amend option to linkgit:git-commit[1].
147 Undo a commit, making it a topic branch::
148 +
149 ------------
150 $ git branch topic/wip <1>
151 $ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <2>
152 $ git checkout topic/wip <3>
153 ------------
154 +
155 <1> You have made some commits, but realize they were premature
156 to be in the "master" branch. You want to continue polishing
157 them in a topic branch, so create "topic/wip" branch off of the
158 current HEAD.
159 <2> Rewind the master branch to get rid of those three commits.
160 <3> Switch to "topic/wip" branch and keep working.
162 Undo commits permanently::
163 +
164 ------------
165 $ git commit ...
166 $ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <1>
167 ------------
168 +
169 <1> The last three commits (HEAD, HEAD^, and HEAD~2) were bad
170 and you do not want to ever see them again. Do *not* do this if
171 you have already given these commits to somebody else. (See the
172 "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for
173 the implications of doing so.)
175 Undo a merge or pull::
176 +
177 ------------
178 $ git pull <1>
179 Auto-merging nitfol
180 CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in nitfol
181 Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
182 $ git reset --hard <2>
183 $ git pull . topic/branch <3>
184 Updating from 41223... to 13134...
185 Fast-forward
186 $ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <4>
187 ------------
188 +
189 <1> Try to update from the upstream resulted in a lot of
190 conflicts; you were not ready to spend a lot of time merging
191 right now, so you decide to do that later.
192 <2> "pull" has not made merge commit, so "git reset --hard"
193 which is a synonym for "git reset --hard HEAD" clears the mess
194 from the index file and the working tree.
195 <3> Merge a topic branch into the current branch, which resulted
196 in a fast-forward.
197 <4> But you decided that the topic branch is not ready for public
198 consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original
199 tip of the current branch in ORIG_HEAD, so resetting hard to it
200 brings your index file and the working tree back to that state,
201 and resets the tip of the branch to that commit.
203 Undo a merge or pull inside a dirty working tree::
204 +
205 ------------
206 $ git pull <1>
207 Auto-merging nitfol
208 Merge made by recursive.
209 nitfol | 20 +++++----
210 ...
211 $ git reset --merge ORIG_HEAD <2>
212 ------------
213 +
214 <1> Even if you may have local modifications in your
215 working tree, you can safely say "git pull" when you know
216 that the change in the other branch does not overlap with
217 them.
218 <2> After inspecting the result of the merge, you may find
219 that the change in the other branch is unsatisfactory. Running
220 "git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD" will let you go back to where you
221 were, but it will discard your local changes, which you do not
222 want. "git reset --merge" keeps your local changes.
225 Interrupted workflow::
226 +
227 Suppose you are interrupted by an urgent fix request while you
228 are in the middle of a large change. The files in your
229 working tree are not in any shape to be committed yet, but you
230 need to get to the other branch for a quick bugfix.
231 +
232 ------------
233 $ git checkout feature ;# you were working in "feature" branch and
234 $ work work work ;# got interrupted
235 $ git commit -a -m "snapshot WIP" <1>
236 $ git checkout master
237 $ fix fix fix
238 $ git commit ;# commit with real log
239 $ git checkout feature
240 $ git reset --soft HEAD^ ;# go back to WIP state <2>
241 $ git reset <3>
242 ------------
243 +
244 <1> This commit will get blown away so a throw-away log message is OK.
245 <2> This removes the 'WIP' commit from the commit history, and sets
246 your working tree to the state just before you made that snapshot.
247 <3> At this point the index file still has all the WIP changes you
248 committed as 'snapshot WIP'. This updates the index to show your
249 WIP files as uncommitted.
250 +
251 See also linkgit:git-stash[1].
253 Reset a single file in the index::
254 +
255 Suppose you have added a file to your index, but later decide you do not
256 want to add it to your commit. You can remove the file from the index
257 while keeping your changes with git reset.
258 +
259 ------------
260 $ git reset -- frotz.c <1>
261 $ git commit -m "Commit files in index" <2>
262 $ git add frotz.c <3>
263 ------------
264 +
265 <1> This removes the file from the index while keeping it in the working
266 directory.
267 <2> This commits all other changes in the index.
268 <3> Adds the file to the index again.
270 Keep changes in working tree while discarding some previous commits::
271 +
272 Suppose you are working on something and you commit it, and then you
273 continue working a bit more, but now you think that what you have in
274 your working tree should be in another branch that has nothing to do
275 with what you committed previously. You can start a new branch and
276 reset it while keeping the changes in your working tree.
277 +
278 ------------
279 $ git tag start
280 $ git checkout -b branch1
281 $ edit
282 $ git commit ... <1>
283 $ edit
284 $ git checkout -b branch2 <2>
285 $ git reset --keep start <3>
286 ------------
287 +
288 <1> This commits your first edits in branch1.
289 <2> In the ideal world, you could have realized that the earlier
290 commit did not belong to the new topic when you created and switched
291 to branch2 (i.e. "git checkout -b branch2 start"), but nobody is
292 perfect.
293 <3> But you can use "reset --keep" to remove the unwanted commit after
294 you switched to "branch2".
297 DISCUSSION
298 ----------
300 The tables below show what happens when running:
302 ----------
303 git reset --option target
304 ----------
306 to reset the HEAD to another commit (`target`) with the different
307 reset options depending on the state of the files.
309 In these tables, A, B, C and D are some different states of a
310 file. For example, the first line of the first table means that if a
311 file is in state A in the working tree, in state B in the index, in
312 state C in HEAD and in state D in the target, then "git reset --soft
313 target" will leave the file in the working tree in state A and in the
314 index in state B. It resets (i.e. moves) the HEAD (i.e. the tip of
315 the current branch, if you are on one) to "target" (which has the file
316 in state D).
318 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
319 ----------------------------------------------------
320 A B C D --soft A B D
321 --mixed A D D
322 --hard D D D
323 --merge (disallowed)
324 --keep (disallowed)
326 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
327 ----------------------------------------------------
328 A B C C --soft A B C
329 --mixed A C C
330 --hard C C C
331 --merge (disallowed)
332 --keep A C C
334 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
335 ----------------------------------------------------
336 B B C D --soft B B D
337 --mixed B D D
338 --hard D D D
339 --merge D D D
340 --keep (disallowed)
342 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
343 ----------------------------------------------------
344 B B C C --soft B B C
345 --mixed B C C
346 --hard C C C
347 --merge C C C
348 --keep B C C
350 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
351 ----------------------------------------------------
352 B C C D --soft B C D
353 --mixed B D D
354 --hard D D D
355 --merge (disallowed)
356 --keep (disallowed)
358 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
359 ----------------------------------------------------
360 B C C C --soft B C C
361 --mixed B C C
362 --hard C C C
363 --merge B C C
364 --keep B C C
366 "reset --merge" is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted
367 merge. Any mergy operation guarantees that the working tree file that is
368 involved in the merge does not have local change wrt the index before
369 it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if
370 we see some difference between the index and the target and also
371 between the index and the working tree, then it means that we are not
372 resetting out from a state that a mergy operation left after failing
373 with a conflict. That is why we disallow --merge option in this case.
375 "reset --keep" is meant to be used when removing some of the last
376 commits in the current branch while keeping changes in the working
377 tree. If there could be conflicts between the changes in the commit we
378 want to remove and the changes in the working tree we want to keep,
379 the reset is disallowed. That's why it is disallowed if there are both
380 changes between the working tree and HEAD, and between HEAD and the
381 target. To be safe, it is also disallowed when there are unmerged
382 entries.
384 The following tables show what happens when there are unmerged
385 entries:
387 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
388 ----------------------------------------------------
389 X U A B --soft (disallowed)
390 --mixed X B B
391 --hard B B B
392 --merge B B B
393 --keep (disallowed)
395 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
396 ----------------------------------------------------
397 X U A A --soft (disallowed)
398 --mixed X A A
399 --hard A A A
400 --merge A A A
401 --keep (disallowed)
403 X means any state and U means an unmerged index.
406 Author
407 ------
408 Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
410 Documentation
411 --------------
412 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
414 GIT
415 ---
416 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite