1 git-reset(1)
2 ============
4 NAME
5 ----
6 git-reset - Reset current HEAD to the specified state
8 SYNOPSIS
9 --------
10 [verse]
11 'git reset' [-q] [<commit>] [--] <paths>...
12 'git reset' [--patch|-p] [<commit>] [--] [<paths>...]
13 'git reset' [--soft | --mixed | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>]
15 DESCRIPTION
16 -----------
17 In the first and second form, copy entries from <commit> to the index.
18 In the third form, set the current branch head (HEAD) to <commit>, optionally
19 modifying index and working tree to match. The <commit> defaults to HEAD
20 in all forms.
22 'git reset' [-q] [<commit>] [--] <paths>...::
23 This form resets the index entries for all <paths> to their
24 state at <commit>. (It does not affect the working tree, nor
25 the current branch.)
26 +
27 This means that `git reset <paths>` is the opposite of `git add
28 <paths>`.
29 +
30 After running `git reset <paths>` to update the index entry, you can
31 use linkgit:git-checkout[1] to check the contents out of the index to
32 the working tree.
33 Alternatively, using linkgit:git-checkout[1] and specifying a commit, you
34 can copy the contents of a path out of a commit to the index and to the
35 working tree in one go.
37 'git reset' --patch|-p [<commit>] [--] [<paths>...]::
38 Interactively select hunks in the difference between the index
39 and <commit> (defaults to HEAD). The chosen hunks are applied
40 in reverse to the index.
41 +
42 This means that `git reset -p` is the opposite of `git add -p`, i.e.
43 you can use it to selectively reset hunks. See the ``Interactive Mode''
44 section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `\--patch` mode.
46 'git reset' [--<mode>] [<commit>]::
47 This form resets the current branch head to <commit> and
48 possibly updates the index (resetting it to the tree of <commit>) and
49 the working tree depending on <mode>, which
50 must be one of the following:
51 +
52 --
53 --soft::
54 Does not touch the index file nor the working tree at all (but
55 resets the head to <commit>, just like all modes do). This leaves
56 all your changed files "Changes to be committed", as 'git status'
57 would put it.
59 --mixed::
60 Resets the index but not the working tree (i.e., the changed files
61 are preserved but not marked for commit) and reports what has not
62 been updated. This is the default action.
64 --hard::
65 Resets the index and working tree. Any changes to tracked files in the
66 working tree since <commit> are discarded.
68 --merge::
69 Resets the index and updates the files in the working tree that are
70 different between <commit> and HEAD, but keeps those which are
71 different between the index and working tree (i.e. which have changes
72 which have not been added).
73 If a file that is different between <commit> and the index has unstaged
74 changes, reset is aborted.
75 +
76 In other words, --merge does something like a 'git read-tree -u -m <commit>',
77 but carries forward unmerged index entries.
79 --keep::
80 Resets index entries and updates files in the working tree that are
81 different between <commit> and HEAD.
82 If a file that is different between <commit> and HEAD has local changes,
83 reset is aborted.
84 --
86 If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch,
87 linkgit:git-revert[1] is your friend.
90 OPTIONS
91 -------
93 -q::
94 --quiet::
95 Be quiet, only report errors.
98 EXAMPLES
99 --------
101 Undo add::
102 +
103 ------------
104 $ edit <1>
105 $ git add frotz.c filfre.c
106 $ mailx <2>
107 $ git reset <3>
108 $ git pull git://info.example.com/ nitfol <4>
109 ------------
110 +
111 <1> You are happily working on something, and find the changes
112 in these files are in good order. You do not want to see them
113 when you run "git diff", because you plan to work on other files
114 and changes with these files are distracting.
115 <2> Somebody asks you to pull, and the changes sounds worthy of merging.
116 <3> However, you already dirtied the index (i.e. your index does
117 not match the HEAD commit). But you know the pull you are going
118 to make does not affect frotz.c nor filfre.c, so you revert the
119 index changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree
120 remain there.
121 <4> Then you can pull and merge, leaving frotz.c and filfre.c
122 changes still in the working tree.
124 Undo a commit and redo::
125 +
126 ------------
127 $ git commit ...
128 $ git reset --soft HEAD^ <1>
129 $ edit <2>
130 $ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD <3>
131 ------------
132 +
133 <1> This is most often done when you remembered what you
134 just committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit
135 message, or both. Leaves working tree as it was before "reset".
136 <2> Make corrections to working tree files.
137 <3> "reset" copies the old head to .git/ORIG_HEAD; redo the
138 commit by starting with its log message. If you do not need to
139 edit the message further, you can give -C option instead.
140 +
141 See also the --amend option to linkgit:git-commit[1].
143 Undo a commit, making it a topic branch::
144 +
145 ------------
146 $ git branch topic/wip <1>
147 $ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <2>
148 $ git checkout topic/wip <3>
149 ------------
150 +
151 <1> You have made some commits, but realize they were premature
152 to be in the "master" branch. You want to continue polishing
153 them in a topic branch, so create "topic/wip" branch off of the
154 current HEAD.
155 <2> Rewind the master branch to get rid of those three commits.
156 <3> Switch to "topic/wip" branch and keep working.
158 Undo commits permanently::
159 +
160 ------------
161 $ git commit ...
162 $ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <1>
163 ------------
164 +
165 <1> The last three commits (HEAD, HEAD^, and HEAD~2) were bad
166 and you do not want to ever see them again. Do *not* do this if
167 you have already given these commits to somebody else. (See the
168 "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for
169 the implications of doing so.)
171 Undo a merge or pull::
172 +
173 ------------
174 $ git pull <1>
175 Auto-merging nitfol
176 CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in nitfol
177 Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
178 $ git reset --hard <2>
179 $ git pull . topic/branch <3>
180 Updating from 41223... to 13134...
181 Fast-forward
182 $ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <4>
183 ------------
184 +
185 <1> Try to update from the upstream resulted in a lot of
186 conflicts; you were not ready to spend a lot of time merging
187 right now, so you decide to do that later.
188 <2> "pull" has not made merge commit, so "git reset --hard"
189 which is a synonym for "git reset --hard HEAD" clears the mess
190 from the index file and the working tree.
191 <3> Merge a topic branch into the current branch, which resulted
192 in a fast-forward.
193 <4> But you decided that the topic branch is not ready for public
194 consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original
195 tip of the current branch in ORIG_HEAD, so resetting hard to it
196 brings your index file and the working tree back to that state,
197 and resets the tip of the branch to that commit.
199 Undo a merge or pull inside a dirty working tree::
200 +
201 ------------
202 $ git pull <1>
203 Auto-merging nitfol
204 Merge made by recursive.
205 nitfol | 20 +++++----
206 ...
207 $ git reset --merge ORIG_HEAD <2>
208 ------------
209 +
210 <1> Even if you may have local modifications in your
211 working tree, you can safely say "git pull" when you know
212 that the change in the other branch does not overlap with
213 them.
214 <2> After inspecting the result of the merge, you may find
215 that the change in the other branch is unsatisfactory. Running
216 "git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD" will let you go back to where you
217 were, but it will discard your local changes, which you do not
218 want. "git reset --merge" keeps your local changes.
221 Interrupted workflow::
222 +
223 Suppose you are interrupted by an urgent fix request while you
224 are in the middle of a large change. The files in your
225 working tree are not in any shape to be committed yet, but you
226 need to get to the other branch for a quick bugfix.
227 +
228 ------------
229 $ git checkout feature ;# you were working in "feature" branch and
230 $ work work work ;# got interrupted
231 $ git commit -a -m "snapshot WIP" <1>
232 $ git checkout master
233 $ fix fix fix
234 $ git commit ;# commit with real log
235 $ git checkout feature
236 $ git reset --soft HEAD^ ;# go back to WIP state <2>
237 $ git reset <3>
238 ------------
239 +
240 <1> This commit will get blown away so a throw-away log message is OK.
241 <2> This removes the 'WIP' commit from the commit history, and sets
242 your working tree to the state just before you made that snapshot.
243 <3> At this point the index file still has all the WIP changes you
244 committed as 'snapshot WIP'. This updates the index to show your
245 WIP files as uncommitted.
246 +
247 See also linkgit:git-stash[1].
249 Reset a single file in the index::
250 +
251 Suppose you have added a file to your index, but later decide you do not
252 want to add it to your commit. You can remove the file from the index
253 while keeping your changes with git reset.
254 +
255 ------------
256 $ git reset -- frotz.c <1>
257 $ git commit -m "Commit files in index" <2>
258 $ git add frotz.c <3>
259 ------------
260 +
261 <1> This removes the file from the index while keeping it in the working
262 directory.
263 <2> This commits all other changes in the index.
264 <3> Adds the file to the index again.
266 Keep changes in working tree while discarding some previous commits::
267 +
268 Suppose you are working on something and you commit it, and then you
269 continue working a bit more, but now you think that what you have in
270 your working tree should be in another branch that has nothing to do
271 with what you committed previously. You can start a new branch and
272 reset it while keeping the changes in your working tree.
273 +
274 ------------
275 $ git tag start
276 $ git checkout -b branch1
277 $ edit
278 $ git commit ... <1>
279 $ edit
280 $ git checkout -b branch2 <2>
281 $ git reset --keep start <3>
282 ------------
283 +
284 <1> This commits your first edits in branch1.
285 <2> In the ideal world, you could have realized that the earlier
286 commit did not belong to the new topic when you created and switched
287 to branch2 (i.e. "git checkout -b branch2 start"), but nobody is
288 perfect.
289 <3> But you can use "reset --keep" to remove the unwanted commit after
290 you switched to "branch2".
293 DISCUSSION
294 ----------
296 The tables below show what happens when running:
298 ----------
299 git reset --option target
300 ----------
302 to reset the HEAD to another commit (`target`) with the different
303 reset options depending on the state of the files.
305 In these tables, A, B, C and D are some different states of a
306 file. For example, the first line of the first table means that if a
307 file is in state A in the working tree, in state B in the index, in
308 state C in HEAD and in state D in the target, then "git reset --soft
309 target" will leave the file in the working tree in state A and in the
310 index in state B. It resets (i.e. moves) the HEAD (i.e. the tip of
311 the current branch, if you are on one) to "target" (which has the file
312 in state D).
314 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
315 ----------------------------------------------------
316 A B C D --soft A B D
317 --mixed A D D
318 --hard D D D
319 --merge (disallowed)
320 --keep (disallowed)
322 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
323 ----------------------------------------------------
324 A B C C --soft A B C
325 --mixed A C C
326 --hard C C C
327 --merge (disallowed)
328 --keep A C C
330 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
331 ----------------------------------------------------
332 B B C D --soft B B D
333 --mixed B D D
334 --hard D D D
335 --merge D D D
336 --keep (disallowed)
338 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
339 ----------------------------------------------------
340 B B C C --soft B B C
341 --mixed B C C
342 --hard C C C
343 --merge C C C
344 --keep B C C
346 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
347 ----------------------------------------------------
348 B C C D --soft B C D
349 --mixed B D D
350 --hard D D D
351 --merge (disallowed)
352 --keep (disallowed)
354 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
355 ----------------------------------------------------
356 B C C C --soft B C C
357 --mixed B C C
358 --hard C C C
359 --merge B C C
360 --keep B C C
362 "reset --merge" is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted
363 merge. Any mergy operation guarantees that the working tree file that is
364 involved in the merge does not have local change wrt the index before
365 it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if
366 we see some difference between the index and the target and also
367 between the index and the working tree, then it means that we are not
368 resetting out from a state that a mergy operation left after failing
369 with a conflict. That is why we disallow --merge option in this case.
371 "reset --keep" is meant to be used when removing some of the last
372 commits in the current branch while keeping changes in the working
373 tree. If there could be conflicts between the changes in the commit we
374 want to remove and the changes in the working tree we want to keep,
375 the reset is disallowed. That's why it is disallowed if there are both
376 changes between the working tree and HEAD, and between HEAD and the
377 target. To be safe, it is also disallowed when there are unmerged
378 entries.
380 The following tables show what happens when there are unmerged
381 entries:
383 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
384 ----------------------------------------------------
385 X U A B --soft (disallowed)
386 --mixed X B B
387 --hard B B B
388 --merge B B B
389 --keep (disallowed)
391 working index HEAD target working index HEAD
392 ----------------------------------------------------
393 X U A A --soft (disallowed)
394 --mixed X A A
395 --hard A A A
396 --merge A A A
397 --keep (disallowed)
399 X means any state and U means an unmerged index.
401 GIT
402 ---
403 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite