1 git-merge(1)
2 ============
4 NAME
5 ----
6 git-merge - Join two or more development histories together
9 SYNOPSIS
10 --------
11 [verse]
12 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [-s <strategy>]...
13 [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] <commit>...
14 'git merge' <msg> HEAD <commit>...
16 DESCRIPTION
17 -----------
18 Incorporates changes from the named commits (since the time their
19 histories diverged from the current branch) into the current
20 branch. This command is used by 'git pull' to incorporate changes
21 from another repository and can be used by hand to merge changes
22 from one branch into another.
24 Assume the following history exists and the current branch is
25 "`master`":
27 ------------
28 A---B---C topic
29 /
30 D---E---F---G master
31 ------------
33 Then "`git merge topic`" will replay the changes made on the
34 `topic` branch since it diverged from `master` (i.e., `E`) until
35 its current commit (`C`) on top of `master`, and record the result
36 in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits and
37 a log message from the user describing the changes.
39 ------------
40 A---B---C topic
41 / \
42 D---E---F---G---H master
43 ------------
45 The second syntax (<msg> `HEAD` <commit>...) is supported for
46 historical reasons. Do not use it from the command line or in
47 new scripts. It is the same as `git merge -m <msg> <commit>...`.
49 *Warning*: Running 'git merge' with uncommitted changes is
50 discouraged: while possible, it leaves you in a state that is hard to
51 back out of in the case of a conflict.
54 OPTIONS
55 -------
56 include::merge-options.txt[]
58 -m <msg>::
59 Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in
60 case one is created). The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be
61 used to give a good default for automated 'git merge'
62 invocations.
64 --rerere-autoupdate::
65 --no-rerere-autoupdate::
66 Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
67 result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
69 <commit>...::
70 Commits, usually other branch heads, to merge into our branch.
71 You need at least one <commit>. Specifying more than one
72 <commit> obviously means you are trying an Octopus.
75 PRE-MERGE CHECKS
76 ----------------
78 Before applying outside changes, you should get your own work in
79 good shape and committed locally, so it will not be clobbered if
80 there are conflicts. See also linkgit:git-stash[1].
81 'git pull' and 'git merge' will stop without doing anything when
82 local uncommitted changes overlap with files that 'git pull'/'git
83 merge' may need to update.
85 To avoid recording unrelated changes in the merge commit,
86 'git pull' and 'git merge' will also abort if there are any changes
87 registered in the index relative to the `HEAD` commit. (One
88 exception is when the changed index entries are in the state that
89 would result from the merge already.)
91 If all named commits are already ancestors of `HEAD`, 'git merge'
92 will exit early with the message "Already up-to-date."
94 FAST-FORWARD MERGE
95 ------------------
97 Often the current branch head is an ancestor of the named commit.
98 This is the most common case especially when invoked from 'git
99 pull': you are tracking an upstream repository, you have committed
100 no local changes, and now you want to update to a newer upstream
101 revision. In this case, a new commit is not needed to store the
102 combined history; instead, the `HEAD` (along with the index) is
103 updated to point at the named commit, without creating an extra
104 merge commit.
106 This behavior can be suppressed with the `--no-ff` option.
108 TRUE MERGE
109 ----------
111 Except in a fast-forward merge (see above), the branches to be
112 merged must be tied together by a merge commit that has both of them
113 as its parents.
115 A merged version reconciling the changes from all branches to be
116 merged is committed, and your `HEAD`, index, and working tree are
117 updated to it. It is possible to have modifications in the working
118 tree as long as they do not overlap; the update will preserve them.
120 When it is not obvious how to reconcile the changes, the following
121 happens:
123 1. The `HEAD` pointer stays the same.
124 2. The `MERGE_HEAD` ref is set to point to the other branch head.
125 3. Paths that merged cleanly are updated both in the index file and
126 in your working tree.
127 4. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three
128 versions: stage 1 stores the version from the common ancestor,
129 stage 2 from `HEAD`, and stage 3 from `MERGE_HEAD` (you
130 can inspect the stages with `git ls-files -u`). The working
131 tree files contain the result of the "merge" program; i.e. 3-way
132 merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<<` `===` `>>>`.
133 5. No other changes are made. In particular, the local
134 modifications you had before you started merge will stay the
135 same and the index entries for them stay as they were,
136 i.e. matching `HEAD`.
138 If you tried a merge which resulted in complex conflicts and
139 want to start over, you can recover with `git reset --merge`.
141 HOW CONFLICTS ARE PRESENTED
142 ---------------------------
144 During a merge, the working tree files are updated to reflect the result
145 of the merge. Among the changes made to the common ancestor's version,
146 non-overlapping ones (that is, you changed an area of the file while the
147 other side left that area intact, or vice versa) are incorporated in the
148 final result verbatim. When both sides made changes to the same area,
149 however, git cannot randomly pick one side over the other, and asks you to
150 resolve it by leaving what both sides did to that area.
152 By default, git uses the same style as that is used by "merge" program
153 from the RCS suite to present such a conflicted hunk, like this:
155 ------------
156 Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
157 ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
158 <<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
159 Conflict resolution is hard;
160 let's go shopping.
161 =======
162 Git makes conflict resolution easy.
163 >>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
164 And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
165 ------------
167 The area where a pair of conflicting changes happened is marked with markers
168 `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>`. The part before the `=======`
169 is typically your side, and the part afterwards is typically their side.
171 The default format does not show what the original said in the conflicting
172 area. You cannot tell how many lines are deleted and replaced with
173 Barbie's remark on your side. The only thing you can tell is that your
174 side wants to say it is hard and you'd prefer to go shopping, while the
175 other side wants to claim it is easy.
177 An alternative style can be used by setting the "merge.conflictstyle"
178 configuration variable to "diff3". In "diff3" style, the above conflict
179 may look like this:
181 ------------
182 Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
183 ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
184 <<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
185 Conflict resolution is hard;
186 let's go shopping.
187 |||||||
188 Conflict resolution is hard.
189 =======
190 Git makes conflict resolution easy.
191 >>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
192 And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
193 ------------
195 In addition to the `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` markers, it uses
196 another `|||||||` marker that is followed by the original text. You can
197 tell that the original just stated a fact, and your side simply gave in to
198 that statement and gave up, while the other side tried to have a more
199 positive attitude. You can sometimes come up with a better resolution by
200 viewing the original.
203 HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS
204 ------------------------
206 After seeing a conflict, you can do two things:
208 * Decide not to merge. The only clean-ups you need are to reset
209 the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean
210 up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; `git-reset --hard` can
211 be used for this.
213 * Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in
214 the working tree. Edit the files into shape and
215 'git add' them to the index. Use 'git commit' to seal the deal.
217 You can work through the conflict with a number of tools:
219 * Use a mergetool. `git mergetool` to launch a graphical
220 mergetool which will work you through the merge.
222 * Look at the diffs. `git diff` will show a three-way diff,
223 highlighting changes from both the `HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD`
224 versions.
226 * Look at the diffs from each branch. `git log --merge -p <path>`
227 will show diffs first for the `HEAD` version and then the
228 `MERGE_HEAD` version.
230 * Look at the originals. `git show :1:filename` shows the
231 common ancestor, `git show :2:filename` shows the `HEAD`
232 version, and `git show :3:filename` shows the `MERGE_HEAD`
233 version.
236 EXAMPLES
237 --------
239 * Merge branches `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of
240 the current branch, making an octopus merge:
241 +
242 ------------------------------------------------
243 $ git merge fixes enhancements
244 ------------------------------------------------
246 * Merge branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours`
247 merge strategy:
248 +
249 ------------------------------------------------
250 $ git merge -s ours obsolete
251 ------------------------------------------------
253 * Merge branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make
254 a new commit automatically:
255 +
256 ------------------------------------------------
257 $ git merge --no-commit maint
258 ------------------------------------------------
259 +
260 This can be used when you want to include further changes to the
261 merge, or want to write your own merge commit message.
262 +
263 You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial
264 changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping
265 release/version name would be acceptable.
268 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
270 CONFIGURATION
271 -------------
272 include::merge-config.txt[]
274 branch.<name>.mergeoptions::
275 Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and
276 supported options are the same as those of 'git merge', but option
277 values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported.
279 SEE ALSO
280 --------
281 linkgit:git-fmt-merge-msg[1], linkgit:git-pull[1],
282 linkgit:gitattributes[5],
283 linkgit:git-reset[1],
284 linkgit:git-diff[1], linkgit:git-ls-files[1],
285 linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-rm[1],
286 linkgit:git-mergetool[1]
288 Author
289 ------
290 Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
293 Documentation
294 --------------
295 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
297 GIT
298 ---
299 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite