1 git-blame(1)
2 ============
4 NAME
5 ----
6 git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file
8 SYNOPSIS
9 --------
10 [verse]
11 'git-blame' [-c] [-b] [--root] [-s] [-l] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-p] [--incremental] [-L n,m]
12 [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>]
13 [<rev> | --contents <file>] [--] <file>
15 DESCRIPTION
16 -----------
18 Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which
19 last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision.
21 Also it can limit the range of lines annotated.
23 This report doesn't tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or
24 replaced; you need to use a tool such as gitlink:git-diff[1] or the "pickaxe"
25 interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph.
27 Apart from supporting file annotation, git also supports searching the
28 development history for when a code snippet occurred in a change. This makes it
29 possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied
30 between files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for
31 a text string in the diff. A small example:
33 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
34 $ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage'
35 5040f17eba15504bad66b14a645bddd9b015ebb7 blame -S <ancestry-file>
36 ea4c7f9bf69e781dd0cd88d2bccb2bf5cc15c9a7 git-blame: Make the output
37 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
39 OPTIONS
40 -------
41 include::blame-options.txt[]
43 -c::
44 Use the same output mode as gitlink:git-annotate[1] (Default: off).
46 --score-debug::
47 Include debugging information related to the movement of
48 lines between files (see `-C`) and lines moved within a
49 file (see `-M`). The first number listed is the score.
50 This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected
51 to be moved between or within files. This must be above
52 a certain threshold for git-blame to consider those lines
53 of code to have been moved.
55 -f, --show-name::
56 Show filename in the original commit. By default
57 filename is shown if there is any line that came from a
58 file with different name, due to rename detection.
60 -n, --show-number::
61 Show line number in the original commit (Default: off).
63 -s::
64 Suppress author name and timestamp from the output.
66 THE PORCELAIN FORMAT
67 --------------------
69 In this format, each line is output after a header; the
70 header at the minimum has the first line which has:
72 - 40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to;
73 - the line number of the line in the original file;
74 - the line number of the line in the final file;
75 - on a line that starts a group of line from a different
76 commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this
77 group. On subsequent lines this field is absent.
79 This header line is followed by the following information
80 at least once for each commit:
82 - author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time
83 ("author-time"), and timezone ("author-tz"); similarly
84 for committer.
85 - filename in the commit the line is attributed to.
86 - the first line of the commit log message ("summary").
88 The contents of the actual line is output after the above
89 header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more
90 header elements later.
93 SPECIFYING RANGES
94 -----------------
96 Unlike `git-blame` and `git-annotate` in older git, the extent
97 of annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision
98 ranges. When you are interested in finding the origin for
99 ll. 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use `-L` option like these
100 (they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at
101 line 40):
103 git blame -L 40,60 foo
104 git blame -L 40,+21 foo
106 Also you can use regular expression to specify the line range.
108 git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo
110 would limit the annotation to the body of `hello` subroutine.
112 When you are not interested in changes older than the version
113 v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision
114 range specifiers similar to `git-rev-list`:
116 git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo
117 git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo
119 When revision range specifiers are used to limit the annotation,
120 lines that have not changed since the range boundary (either the
121 commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3
122 weeks old in the above example) are blamed for that range
123 boundary commit.
125 A particularly useful way is to see if an added file have lines
126 created by copy-and-paste from existing files. Sometimes this
127 indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not
128 refactor the code properly. You can first find the commit that
129 introduced the file with:
131 git log --diff-filter=A --pretty=short -- foo
133 and then annotate the change between the commit and its
134 parents, using `commit{caret}!` notation:
136 git blame -C -C -f $commit^! -- foo
139 INCREMENTAL OUTPUT
140 ------------------
142 When called with `--incremental` option, the command outputs the
143 result as it is built. The output generally will talk about
144 lines touched by more recent commits first (i.e. the lines will
145 be annotated out of order) and is meant to be used by
146 interactive viewers.
148 The output format is similar to the Porcelain format, but it
149 does not contain the actual lines from the file that is being
150 annotated.
152 . Each blame entry always starts with a line of:
154 <40-byte hex sha1> <sourceline> <resultline> <num_lines>
155 +
156 Line numbers count from 1.
158 . The first time that commit shows up in the stream, it has various
159 other information about it printed out with a one-word tag at the
160 beginning of each line about that "extended commit info" (author,
161 email, committer, dates, summary etc).
163 . Unlike Porcelain format, the filename information is always
164 given and terminates the entry:
166 "filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here>
167 +
168 and thus it's really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented
169 parser (which should be quite natural for most scripting languages).
170 +
171 [NOTE]
172 For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any
173 lines in between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines)
174 where you don't recognize the tag-words (or care about that particular
175 one) at the beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if
176 there is ever added information (like the commit encoding or extended
177 commit commentary), a blame viewer won't ever care.
180 SEE ALSO
181 --------
182 gitlink:git-annotate[1]
184 AUTHOR
185 ------
186 Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
188 GIT
189 ---
190 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite