1 Generating patches with -p
2 --------------------------
4 When "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", or "git-diff-files" are run
5 with a '-p' option, "git diff" without the '--raw' option, or
6 "git log" with the "-p" option, they
7 do not produce the output described above; instead they produce a
8 patch file. You can customize the creation of such patches via the
9 GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF and the GIT_DIFF_OPTS environment variables.
11 What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional
12 diff format:
14 1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header that looks like this:
16 diff --git a/file1 b/file2
17 +
18 The `a/` and `b/` filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
19 involved. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion,
20 `/dev/null` is _not_ used in place of the `a/` or `b/` filenames.
21 +
22 When rename/copy is involved, `file1` and `file2` show the
23 name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of
24 the file that rename/copy produces, respectively.
26 2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines:
28 old mode <mode>
29 new mode <mode>
30 deleted file mode <mode>
31 new file mode <mode>
32 copy from <path>
33 copy to <path>
34 rename from <path>
35 rename to <path>
36 similarity index <number>
37 dissimilarity index <number>
38 index <hash>..<hash> <mode>
39 +
40 File modes are printed as 6-digit octal numbers including the file type
41 and file permission bits.
42 +
43 Path names in extended headers do not include the `a/` and `b/` prefixes.
44 +
45 The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and
46 the dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines. It
47 is a rounded down integer, followed by a percent sign. The
48 similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal
49 files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old
50 file made it into the new one.
51 +
52 The index line includes the SHA-1 checksum before and after the change.
53 The <mode> is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise,
54 separate lines indicate the old and the new mode.
56 3. TAB, LF, double quote and backslash characters in pathnames
57 are represented as `\t`, `\n`, `\"` and `\\`, respectively.
58 If there is need for such substitution then the whole
59 pathname is put in double quotes.
61 4. All the `file1` files in the output refer to files before the
62 commit, and all the `file2` files refer to files after the commit.
63 It is incorrect to apply each change to each file sequentially. For
64 example, this patch will swap a and b:
66 diff --git a/a b/b
67 rename from a
68 rename to b
69 diff --git a/b b/a
70 rename from b
71 rename to a
74 combined diff format
75 --------------------
77 "git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git-diff" can take '-c' or
78 '--cc' option to produce 'combined diff'. For showing a merge commit
79 with "git log -p", this is the default format; you can force showing
80 full diff with the '-m' option.
81 A 'combined diff' format looks like this:
83 ------------
84 diff --combined describe.c
85 index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
86 --- a/describe.c
87 +++ b/describe.c
88 @@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
89 return (a_date > b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
90 }
92 - static void describe(char *arg)
93 -static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
94 ++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
95 {
96 + unsigned char sha1[20];
97 + struct commit *cmit;
98 struct commit_list *list;
99 static int initialized = 0;
100 struct commit_name *n;
102 + if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0)
103 + usage(describe_usage);
104 + cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
105 + if (!cmit)
106 + usage(describe_usage);
107 +
108 if (!initialized) {
109 initialized = 1;
110 for_each_ref(get_name);
111 ------------
113 1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like
114 this (when '-c' option is used):
116 diff --combined file
117 +
118 or like this (when '--cc' option is used):
120 diff --cc file
122 2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines
123 (this example shows a merge with two parents):
125 index <hash>,<hash>..<hash>
126 mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>
127 new file mode <mode>
128 deleted file mode <mode>,<mode>
129 +
130 The `mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>` line appears only if at least one of
131 the <mode> is different from the rest. Extended headers with
132 information about detected contents movement (renames and
133 copying detection) are designed to work with diff of two
134 <tree-ish> and are not used by combined diff format.
136 3. It is followed by two-line from-file/to-file header
138 --- a/file
139 +++ b/file
140 +
141 Similar to two-line header for traditional 'unified' diff
142 format, `/dev/null` is used to signal created or deleted
143 files.
145 4. Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from
146 accidentally feeding it to `patch -p1`. Combined diff format
147 was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not
148 meant for apply. The change is similar to the change in the
149 extended 'index' header:
151 @@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@
152 +
153 There are (number of parents + 1) `@` characters in the chunk
154 header for combined diff format.
156 Unlike the traditional 'unified' diff format, which shows two
157 files A and B with a single column that has `-` (minus --
158 appears in A but removed in B), `+` (plus -- missing in A but
159 added to B), or `" "` (space -- unchanged) prefix, this format
160 compares two or more files file1, file2,... with one file X, and
161 shows how X differs from each of fileN. One column for each of
162 fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X's line is
163 different from it.
165 A `-` character in the column N means that the line appears in
166 fileN but it does not appear in the result. A `+` character
167 in the column N means that the line appears in the result,
168 and fileN does not have that line (in other words, the line was
169 added, from the point of view of that parent).
171 In the above example output, the function signature was changed
172 from both files (hence two `-` removals from both file1 and
173 file2, plus `++` to mean one line that was added does not appear
174 in either file1 nor file2). Also eight other lines are the same
175 from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with `{plus}`).
177 When shown by `git diff-tree -c`, it compares the parents of a
178 merge commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the
179 parents). When shown by `git diff-files -c`, it compares the
180 two unresolved merge parents with the working tree file
181 (i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka "our version", file2 is stage 3 aka
182 "their version").